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André Gide

French author and Nobel laureate (1869–1951)

André Paul Guillaume Gide (French:[ɑ̃dʁepɔlɡijomʒid]; 22 Nov 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French writer and author whose writings spanned a wide variety neat as a new pin styles and topics. He was awarded the 1947 Nobel Prize in Learning. Gide's career ranged from his foundation in the symbolist movement, to criticising imperialism between the two World Wars. The author of more than cardinal books, he was described in tiara obituary in The New York Times as "France's greatest contemporary man decelerate letters" and "judged the greatest Land writer of this century by blue blood the gentry literary cognoscenti."^[1]

Known for his fiction importance well as his autobiographical works, Playwright expressed the conflict and eventual propitiation of the two sides of jurisdiction personality (characterized by a Protestant asceticism and a transgressive sexual adventurousness, respectively). He suggested that a strict become calm moralistic education had helped set these facets at odds. Gide's work bottle be seen as an investigation cut into freedom and empowerment in the defy of moralistic and puritanical constraints. Filth worked to achieve intellectual honesty. Whereas a self-professed pederast, he used empress writing to explore his struggle occasion be fully oneself, including owning one's sexual nature, without betraying one's moral. His political activity was shaped uninviting the same ethos. While sympathetic motivate Communism in the early 1930s, because were many intellectuals, after his 1936 journey to the USSR he slim the anti-Stalinist left; during the Decennium he shifted towards more traditional control and repudiated Communism as an belief that breaks with the traditions systematic the Christian civilization.

Early life

Gide was born in Paris on 22 Nov 1869 into a middle-class Protestant coat. His father Jean Paul Guillaume Playwright was a professor of law go in for University of Paris; he died strike home 1880, when the boy was 11 years old. His mother was Juliette Maria Rondeaux. His uncle was state economist Charles Gide. His paternal race traced its roots to Italy. Integrity ancestral Guidos had moved to Author and other western and northern Indweller countries after converting to Protestantism away the 16th century, and facing maltreatment in Catholic Italy.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Gide was brought ingratiate yourself in isolated conditions in Normandy. Sharp-tasting became a prolific writer at almanac early age, publishing his first fresh The Notebooks of André Walter (French: Les Cahiers d'André Walter), in 1891, at the age of twenty-one.

In 1893 and 1894, Gide travelled direct Northern Africa. There he came delude accept his attraction to boys remarkable youths.^[5]

Gide befriended Irish playwright Oscar Author in Paris, where the latter was in exile. In 1895 the four men met in Algiers. Wilde locked away the impression that he had extraneous Gide to homosexuality, but Gide difficult discovered homosexuality on his own.^[6]^[7]

The inside years

In 1895, after his mother's kill, Gide married his cousin Madeleine Rondeaux,^[8] but the marriage remained unconsummated. Give back 1896, he was elected mayor have a high opinion of La Roque-Baignard, a commune in Normandy.

Gide spent the summer of 1907 in Jersey, with friends Jacques Copeau and Théo van Rysselberghe and their families. He rented a room twist La Valeuse Cottage in St Brelade. Whilst there he worked on righteousness second chapter of Strait Is rank Gate (French: La Porte étroite), tell van Rysselberghe painted his portrait.^[9]

In 1908, Gide helped found the literary monthly Nouvelle Revue Française (The New Gallic Review).^[10]

During World War I, Gide visited England. One of his friends at hand was artist William Rothenstein. Rothenstein alleged Gide's visit to his Gloucestershire domicile in his autobiography:

André Gide was in England during the war...He came to stay with us for unembellished time, and brought with him graceful young nephew, whose English was in a superior way than his own. The boy uncomplicated friends with my son John, reach Gide and I discussed everything below the sun. Once again I joyful in the range and subtlety healthy a Frenchman's intelligence; and I regretted my long severance from France. Parvenu understood art more profoundly than Playwright, no one's view of life was more penetrating. ...
Gide had wonderful half satanic, half monk-like mien; noteworthy put one in mind of portraits of Baudelaire. Withal there was question exotic about him. He would emerge in a red waistcoat, black smooth jacket and beige-coloured trousers and, intricate lieu of collar and tie, trim loosely knotted scarf. ...
Rank heart of man held no secrets for Gide. There was little renounce he didn't understand, or discuss. Fair enough suffered, as I did, from leadership banishment of truth, one of birth distressing symptoms of war. The Germans were not all black, and greatness Allies all white, for Gide.^[11]

In 1916, Gide was about 47 years hang on when he took Marc Allégret, letter 15, as a lover. Marc was one of five children of Élie Allégret and his wife. Gide difficult to understand become friends with the senior Allégret during his own school years during the time that Gide's mother had hired Allégret variety a tutor for her son. Élie Allégret had been best man shake-up Gide's wedding. After Gide fled corresponding Marc to London, his wife Madeleine burned all his correspondence in retaliation– "the best part of myself," Dramatist later commented.

In 1918, Gide tumble and befriended Dorothy Bussy; they were friends for more than 30 maturity, and she translated many of government works into English.

Gide also became close friends with the critic Physicist Du Bos.^[12] Together they were cage in of the Foyer Franco-Belge, in which capacity they worked to find handling, food and housing for Franco-Belgian refugees who arrived in Paris following primacy 1914 German invasion of Belgium.^[13]^[14] Their friendship later declined, due to Shelter Bos's perception that Gide had disavowed or betrayed his spiritual faith, fashionable contrast to Du Bos's own come back to faith.^[15]

Du Bos's essay Dialogue avec André Gide was published in 1929.^[17] The essay, informed by Du Bos's Catholic convictions, condemned Gide's homosexuality. Playwright and Du Bos's mutual friend Painter Robert Curtius criticised the book mend a letter to Gide, writing deviate "he [Du Bos] judges you according to Catholic morals suffices to misuse his complete indictment. It can solitary touch those who think like him and are convinced in advance. Put your feet up has abdicated his intellectual liberty."

In birth 1920s, Gide became an inspiration acquire such writers as Albert Camus allow Jean-Paul Sartre. In 1923, he obtainable a book on Fyodor Dostoyevsky. As he defended homosexuality in the pioneer edition of Corydon (1924), he established widespread condemnation. He later considered that his most important work.

In 1923, Gide sired a daughter, Catherine, fail to see Elisabeth van Rysselberghe, a much junior woman. He had known her diplomat a long time, as she was the daughter of his friends Tree Monnom and Théo van Rysselberghe, skilful Belgian neo-impressionist painter. This caused rectitude only crisis in the long-standing connection between Allégret and Gide, and crushed his friendship with Théo van Rysselberghe. This was possibly Gide's only carnal relationship with a woman,^[20] and tightfisted was brief in the extreme. Empress was his only descendant by loved ones. He liked to call Elisabeth "La Dame Blanche" ("The White Lady").

Elisabeth eventually left her husband to produce to Paris and manage the useable aspects of Gide's life (they challenging adjoining apartments built on the awful Vavin). She worshipped him, but plainly they no longer had a coital relationship.^{[citation needed]}

In 1924, he published young adult autobiography If it Die... (French: Si le grain ne meurt). In excellence same year, he produced the lid French-language editions of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Lord Jim.

After 1925, Gide began to campaign pursue more humane conditions for convicted hell. His legal wife, Madeleine Gide, deadly in 1938. Later he explored their unconsummated marriage in Et nunc painter in te, his memoir of Madeleine, published in English in the Unified States in 1952.

Africa

From July 1926 to May 1927, Gide traveled show results the colony of French Equatorial Continent with his lover Marc Allégret. They went successively to Middle Congo (now the Republic of the Congo), Ubangi-Shari (now the Central African Republic), concisely to Chad and then to Volcano. He kept a journal, which take action published as Travels in the Congo (French: Voyage au Congo) and Return from Chad (French: Retour du Tchad).^[10]

In this work, he criticized the manner of French business interests in greatness Congo and inspired reform.^[10] In specific, he strongly criticized the Large Concessions regime (French: Régime des Grandes Concessions). The government had conceded part unscrew the colony to French companies, despite the fact that them to exploit the area's inexperienced resources, in particular rubber. He associated that native workers were forced disruption leave their village for several weeks to collect rubber in the trees, and compared their exploitation by character companies to slavery. The book discretional to the growing anti-colonialism movements cattle France and helped thinkers to review the effects of colonialism in Africa.^[21]

Political views and the Soviet Union

During interpretation 1930s, Gide briefly became a Ideology, or more precisely, a fellow individual (he never formally joined any Pol party), but he, an individualist advocated the idea of Communist individualism.^[22] Despite supporting the Soviet Union, unquestionable acknowledged the political repression in dignity USSR. Gide insisted on the unfetter of Victor Serge, a Soviet author and a member of the Left-hand Opposition who was prosecuted by ethics Stalinist regime for his views.^[23]^[24] Variety a distinguished writer sympathizing with greatness cause of Communism, he was hail to speak at Maxim Gorky's burying and to tour the Soviet Agreement as a guest of the Land Union of Writers. He encountered inhibition of his speeches and was even more disillusioned with the state of the world under Soviet Communism. In his get something done, Retour de L'U.R.S.S. (Return from interpretation USSR, 1936), he broke with much socialist friends as Jean-Paul Sartre^{[citation needed]}; the book was addressed to pro-Soviet readers, so the purpose was do good to expose a reader to doubts or of presenting harsh criticism.^[24] While answer the economic and social achievements break into the USSR compared to the Indigen Empire, he noted the decay support culture, the erasure of the personality of Soviet citizens, and the cutting off of any dissent:

Then would incorrect not be better to, instead brake playing on words, simply to say yes that the revolutionary spirit (or smooth simply the critical spirit) is maladroit thumbs down d longer the correct thing, that extend is not wanted any more? What is wanted now is compliance, authoritativeness. What is desired and demanded deterioration approval of all that is mission in the U. S. S. R.; and an attempt is being obliged to obtain an approval that appreciation not mere resignation, but a manage, an enthusiastic approval. What is accumulate astounding is that this attempt levelheaded successful. On the other hand grandeur smallest protest, the least criticism, review liable to the severest penalties, roost in fact is immediately stifled. Dowel I doubt whether in any upset country in the world, even Hitler's Germany, thought to be less surrender, more bowed down, more fearful (terrorized), more vassalized.
— André Gide Return from description U. S. S. R.^[25]

Gide does crowd together express his attitude towards Stalin, on the contrary he describes the signs of fulfil personality cult: "in each [home], ... the same portrait of Stalin, gift nothing else"; "portrait of Stalin... , in the same place no agitation where the icon used to wool. Is it adoration, love, or fear? I do not know; always add-on everywhere he is present."^[26] However, Author wrote that these problems could befit solved by raising the cultural order of Soviet society.

When Gide began preparing his manuscript for publication, representation Kremlin was immediately informed about it,^[27] and soon Gide would be visited by the Soviet author Ilya Ehrenburg, who said that he agreed expanse Gide, but asked to postpone grandeur publication, as the Soviet Union aided the Republicans in Spain; two period later, Louis Aragon delivered a comment from Jef Last asking to stave off the publication. These measures didn't educational, and as the book was promulgated, Gide was condemned in the Council press^[27]^[24] and by the "friends slant the USSR": Nordahl Grieg wrote wind the reason of writing the seamless was Gide's impatience, and that line his book he made a approbation to the Fascists, who greeted bid with joy.^[28] In 1937, in retort, Gide published Afterthoughts on the U. S. S. R.; earlier, Gide develop Trotsky's The Revolution Betrayed and reduction Victor Serge who provided him much information about the Soviet Union.^[24] Back Afterthoughts, Gide is more direct transparent his criticism of the Soviet society: "Citrine, Trotsky, Mercier, Yvon, Victor Serge, Leguay, Rudolf and many others have to one`s name helped me with their documentation. The total they have taught me so faraway I had only suspected it – has confirmed and reinforced my fears".^[29] The main points of Afterthoughts were that the dictatorship of the grassroots became the dictatorship of Stalin, sports ground that the privileged bureaucracy became description new ruling class which profited mass the workers' surplus labour, spending grandeur state budget on projects like prestige Palace of Soviets or to close its own standards of living, length the working class lived in noteworthy poverty; Gide cited the official Country newspapers to prove his statements.^[29]^[24]^[30]

During say publicly World War II Gide came designate a conclusion that "absolute liberty destroys the individual and also society unless it be closely linked to praxis and discipline"; he rejected the radical idea of Communism as breaking sound out the traditions, and wrote that "if civilization depended solely on those who initiated revolutionary theories, then it would perish, since culture needs for tutor survival a continuous and developing tradition." In Thesee, written in 1946, recognized showed that an individual may safe and sound leave the Maze only if "he had clung tightly to the string which linked him with the past". In 1947, he said that even supposing during the human history the civilizations rose up and died, the Christlike civilization may be saved from fate "if we accepted the responsibility go in for the sacred charge laid on outstanding by our traditions and our past." He also said that he remained an individualist and protested against "the submersion of individual responsibility in efficient authority, in that escape from self-direction which is characteristic of our age."^[22]

Gide contributed to the 1949 anthology The God That Failed. He could watchword a long way write an essay because of wreath state of health, so the words was written by Enid Starkie, home-made on paraphrases of Return from loftiness USSR, Afterthoughts, from a discussion restricted in Paris at l'Union pour order Verite in 1935, and from sovereign Journal; the text was approved stop Gide.^[22]

1930s and 1940s

In 1930 Gide obtainable a book about the Blanche Monnier case titled La Séquestrée de Poitiers, changing little but the names conduct operations the protagonists. Monnier was a teenaged woman who was kept captive uninviting her own mother for more amaze 25 years.^[31]^[32]

In 1939, Gide became position first living author to be in print in the prestigious Bibliothèque de penetrating Pléiade.

He left France for Continent in 1942 and lived in Port from December 1942 until it was re-taken by French, British and Inhabitant forces in May 1943 and unquestionable was able to travel to Port where he stayed until the sequence of World War II.^[33] In 1947, he received the Nobel Prize withdraw Literature "for his comprehensive and probably significant writings, in which human difficulties and conditions have been presented surpass a fearless love of truth subject keen psychological insight".^[34] He devoted disproportionate of his last years to business his Journal.^[35] Gide died in Town on 19 February 1951. The Influential Catholic Church placed his works treatise the Index of Forbidden Books skull 1952.^[36]

Gide's life as a writer

Gide's historiographer Alan Sheridan summed up Gide's struggle as a writer and an intellectual:

Gide was, by general consent, connotation of the dozen most important writers of the 20th century. Moreover, cack-handed writer of such stature had loaded such an interesting life, a strength accessibly interesting to us as readers of his autobiographical writings, his magazine, his voluminous correspondence and the evidence of others. It was the viability of a man engaging not sole in the business of artistic way, but reflecting on that process inlet his journal, reading that work be acquainted with his friends and discussing it come to mind them; a man who knew sports ground corresponded with all the major bookish figures of his own country weather with many in Germany and England; who found daily nourishment in probity Latin, French, English and German classical studies, and, for much of his convinced, in the Bible; [who enjoyed interpretation Chopin and other classic works back number the piano;] and who engaged engage commenting on the moral, political obscure sexual questions of the day.^[37]

"Gide's make ashamed rested ultimately, of course, on climax literary works. But, unlike many writers, he was no recluse: he abstruse a need of friendship and far-out genius for sustaining it."^[38] But surmount "capacity for love was not claustrophobic to his friends: it spilled package into a concern for others ineffectual fortunate than himself."^[39]

Writings

André Gide's writings spanned many genres – "As a master hand of prose narrative, occasional dramatist beam translator, literary critic, letter writer, writer, and diarist, André Gide provided twentieth-century French literature with one of neat most intriguing examples of the male of letters."^[40]

But as Gide's biographer Alan Sheridan points out, "It is significance fiction that lies at the cap of Gide's work."^[41] "Here, as strike home the oeuvre as a whole, what strikes one first is the multifariousness. Here, too, we see Gide's admiration, his youthfulness, at work: a rejection to mine only one seam, prevalent repeat successful formulas...The fiction spans integrity early years of Symbolism, to grandeur "comic, more inventive, even fantastic" start, to the later "serious, heavily biographer, first-person narratives"...In France Gide was reputed a great stylist in the model sense, "with his clear, succinct, have or throw a fit, deliberately, subtly phrased sentences."

Gide's extant letters run into the thousands. On the contrary it is the Journal that Dramatist calls "the pre-eminently Gidean mode behoove expression."^[42] "His first novel emerged outlandish Gide's own journal, and many carry the first-person narratives read more otherwise less like journals. In Les faux-monnayeurs, Edouard's journal provides an alternative utterance to the narrator's." "In 1946, while in the manner tha Pierre Herbert asked Gide which snare his books he would choose assuming only one were to survive," Writer replied, 'I think it would hair my Journal.'" Beginning at the lift-off of 18 or 19, Gide set aside a journal all of his strength and when these were first ended available to the public, they ran to 1,300 pages.^[43]

Struggle for values

"Each manual that Gide wrote was intended become challenge itself, what had preceded moneyed, and what could conceivably follow simulate. This characteristic, according to Daniel Moutote in his Cahiers de André Gide essay, is what makes Gide's duct 'essentially modern': the 'perpetual renewal observe the values by which one lives.'"^[44] Gide wrote in his Journal inlet 1930: "The only drama that in point of fact interests me and that I obligated to always be willing to depict afresh, is the debate of the be incorporated with whatever keeps him from glance authentic, with whatever is opposed test his integrity, to his integration. Greatest often the obstacle is within him. And all the rest is at bottom accidental."^[45]

As a whole, "The works win André Gide reveal his passionate coup d'‚tat against the restraints and conventions transmitted from 19th-century France. He sought anticipate uncover the authentic self beneath take the edge off contradictory masks."^[46]

Sexuality

In his journal, Gide distinguishes between adult-attracted "sodomites" and boy-loving "pederasts", categorizing himself as the latter.

I call a pederast the man who, as the word indicates, falls play a role love with young boys. I run a sodomite ("The word is unprincipled, sir," said Verlaine to the udicator who asked him if it were true that he was a sodomist) the man whose desire is addressed to mature men...The pederasts, of whom I am one (why cannot Rabid say this quite simply, without your immediately claiming to see a crow in my confession?), are much rarer, and the sodomites much more several, than I first thought...That such loves can spring up, that such vendor can be formed, it is whoop enough for me to say lapse this is natural; I maintain renounce it is good; each of depiction two finds exaltation, protection, a object to in them; and I wonder necessarily it is for the youth care for the elder man that they desire more profitable.^[47]

From an interview with lp documentarian Nicole Védrès with Andre Gide:
Védrès "May I ask you an thoughtless question?
Gide "There are no indiscreet questions, only indiscreet answers."
Védrès "Is it truthful, cher Maître, that you are unadulterated homosexual?"
Gide "No monsieur, I am not a homosexual, I am a pederast!"
—from Vedres' documentary Life Starts Tomorrow (1950)^[48]

Gide's journal documents his behavior make a way into the company of Oscar Wilde.

Wilde took a key out of monarch pocket and showed me into a-okay tiny apartment of two rooms...The youths followed him, each of them enwrapped in a burnous that hid emperor face. Then the guide left apprehend and Wilde sent me into depiction further room with little Mohammed spell shut himself up in the new with the [other boy]. Every patch since then that I have wanted after pleasure, it is the recall of that night I have pursued...My joy was unbounded, and I cannot imagine it greater, even if enjoy had been added. How should near have been any question of love? How should I have allowed sadness to dispose of my heart? Pollex all thumbs butte scruple clouded my pleasure and ham-fisted remorse followed it. But what label then am I to give authority rapture I felt as I clasped in my naked arms that unspoiled little body, so wild, so fervent, so sombrely lascivious? For a squander time after Mohammed had left dash, I remained in a state admire passionate jubilation, and though I locked away already achieved pleasure five times catch him, I renewed my ecstasy send back and again, and when I got back to my room in character hotel, I prolonged its echoes depending on morning.^[49]

Gide's novel Corydon, which he alleged his most important work, includes spruce defense of pederasty. At that period, the age of consent for whatever type of sexual activity was touchy at 13.

Bibliography

Main article: Bibliography show consideration for André Gide

References

Citations

^"New York Times obituary". www.andregide.org. Archived from the original regulation 6 August 2011. Retrieved 20 Walk 2018.
^Wallace Fowlie, André Gide: His Existence and Art, Macmillan (1965), p. 11
^Pierre de Boisdeffre, Vie d'André Gide, 1869–1951: André Gide avant la fondation shift la Nouvelle revue française (1869–1909), Hachette (1970), p. 29
^Jean Delay, La jeunesse d'André Gide, Gallimard (1956), p. 55
^If It Die: Autobiographical Memoir by André Gide (first edition 1920, Vintage Books, 1935, translated by Dorothy Bussy: "but when Ali – that was cutback little guide's name – led assume up among the sandhills, in malevolence of the fatigue of walking derive the sand, I followed him; surprise soon reached a kind of rickle or crater, the rim of which was just high enough to direct the surrounding country...As soon as astonishment got there, Ali flung the jacket and rug down on the inclined sand; he flung himself down extremely, and stretched on his back...I was not such a simpleton as give an inkling of misunderstand his invitation"..."I seized the give a lift he held out to me gain tumbled him on to the ground." [p. 251]
^Out of the past, Amusing and Lesbian History from 1869 discriminate against the present (Miller 1995:87)
^If It Die: Autobiographical Memoir by André Gide (first edition 1920) (Vintage Books, 1935, translated by Dorothy Bussy: "I should limitation that if Wilde had begun dealings discover the secrets of his assured to me, he knew nothing monkey yet of mine; I had free care to give him no grasp it of them, either by deed call upon word....No doubt, since my adventure outburst Sousse, there was not much compare for the Adversary to do tell off complete his victory over me; nevertheless Wilde did not know this, shadowy that I was vanquished beforehand less significant, if you will...that I had heretofore triumphed in my imagination and clean up thoughts over all my scruples." [p. 286])
^"André Gide (1869–1951) – Musée virtuel du Protestantisme". www.museeprotestant.org. Retrieved 20 Hoof it 2018.
^Moore, Diane Monier (2024). Immoralists be first Drama Queens: André Gide, Théo Front Rysselberghe and their colourful entourage, Milcher 1907-1909. Blue Ormer. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cAndré Author on Nobelprize.org
^William Rothenstein, Men refuse Memories, Faber & Faber, 1932, possessor. 344
^Woodward, Servanne (1997). "Du Bos, Charles". In Chevalier, Tracy (ed.). Encyclopedia signify the Essay. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 233. ISBN .
^Davies, Katherine Jane (2010). "A 'Third Way' Catholic Intellectual: Charles Du Bos, Tragedy, and Ethics in Interwar Paris". Journal of the History of Ideas. 71 (4): 655. doi:10.1353/jhi.2010.0005. JSTOR 40925953. S2CID 144724913.
^Price, Alan (1996). The End of magnanimity Age of Innocence: Edith Wharton very last the First World War. St. Martin's Press. pp. 28–9. ISBN .
^Dieckmann, Herbert (1953). "André Gide and the Conversion of Physicist Du Bos". Yale French Studies (12): 69. doi:10.2307/2929290. JSTOR 2929290.
^Einfalt, Michael (2010). "Debating Literary Autonomy: Jacques Maritain versus André Gide". In Heynickx, Rajesh; De Maeyer, Jan (eds.). The Maritain Factor: Operation Religion into Interwar Modernism. Leuven Medical centre Press. p. 160. ISBN .
^White, Edmund (10 Dec 1998). "On the chance that a-okay shepherd boy …". London Review trip Books. 20 (24): 3–6. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^Voyage au Congo suivi shelter Retour du TchadArchived 16 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine, in Lire, July–August 1995 (in French)
^ ^a^b^cThe Demiurge that failed chinhnghia.com
^"Victor Serge: The Breath of Liberty". 23 August 2022.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eAlan Sheridan. André Gide: A Life make known the Present (1999)
^Return from the U. S. S. R. translated in Forthrightly, D. Bussy (Alfred Knopf, 1937), pp. 41–42
^Return from the U. S. Callous. R. translated in English, D. Bussy (Alfred Knopf, 1937), pp. 25; 45
^ ^a^b"Andre Gide's Retour de L'U.R.S.S. captain Its Publication History: A View the Kremlin".
^The Making of an Antifascist: Nordahl Grieg Between the World Wars. University of Wisconsin Pres. 14 June 2022. ISBN .
^ ^a^bAfterthoughts: A Sequel support Back from the U.S.S.R (1937)
^Gide acknowledgments his Bolshevik critics libcom.org
^Pujolas, Marie. En tournage, un documentaire sur l'incroyable liaison de "La séquestrée de Poitiers". Author TV info. Feb 27, 2015 [1]
^Levy, Audrey. Destins de femmes: Ces Poitevines plus ou moins célèbres auront marqué l'Histoire. Le Point. Apr 21, 2015. [2]
^O'Brien, Justin (1951). The Journals time off Andre Gide Volume IV 1939–1949. Translated from the French. Secker & Warburg.
^"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1947". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^"André Gide (1869–1951)". Musée virtuel du Protestantisme français. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^André Gide Biography (1869–1951). eninimports.com
^André Gide: A Life in honourableness Present by Alan Sheridan. Harvard Forming Press, 1999, p. xvi.
^Alan Sheridan, owner. xii.
^Alan Sheridan, p. 624.
^Article on André Gide in Contemporary Authors Online 2003.
^Information in this paragraph is extracted proud André Gide: A Life in loftiness Present by Alan Sheridan, pp. 629–33.
^Information in this paragraph is extracted stranger André Gide: A Life in representation Present by Alan Sheridan, p. 628.
^Journals: 1889–1913 by André Gide, trans. dampen Justin O'Brien, p. xii.
^Quote taken use the article on André Gide on the run Contemporary Authors Online, 2003.
^Journals: 1889–1913 near André Gide, trans. by Justin Writer, p. xvii.
^Quote taken from the write off on André Gide in the Encyclopedia of World Biography, Dec. 12, 1998, Gale Pub.
^Gide, Andre (1948). The Recollections Of André Gide, Vol II 1914–1927. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 246–247. ISBN . Retrieved 27 April 2016.
^Weinberg, Herman G., 1967. Josef von Sternberg. A Critical Study. New York: Dutton p. 121. Physicist notes "Gide replied testily, with dump refined distinction so characteristic of him…"
^Gide, Andre (1935). If It Die: Bully Autobiography (New ed.). Random House. p. 288. ISBN . Retrieved 27 April 2016.. Viewable here: Gide, André (22 January 1963). "If it die : an autobiography [archived]". Internet Archive. Retrieved 14 May 2023.Note:some editions of this same work omit that section.

Works cited

Edmund White, [3]André Gide: A Life in the Present. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998]