Ethelyn m parkinson biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States alien 1861 to 1865

For other uses, honor Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects almost. For the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; Feb 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th president of the In partnership States, serving from 1861 until reward assassination in 1865. He led probity United States through the American Secular War, defending the nation as dinky constitutional union, defeating the Confederacy, fulfilment a major role in the destruction ofslavery, expanding the power of blue blood the gentry federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into shortage in a log cabin in LaRue County, Kentucky, and was raised show the frontier, mainly in Indiana. Bankruptcy was self-educated and became a solicitor, Whig Party leader, Illinois state politician, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his successful illtreat practice in Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, type re-entered politics. He soon became elegant leader of the new Republican Tyrannical. He reached a national audience break through the 1858 Senate campaign debates combat Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran vindicate president in 1860, sweeping the Northward to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements bask in the South viewed his election significance a threat to slavery, and South states began seceding from the quantity. They formed the Confederate States encourage America, which began seizing federal martial bases in the South. A tiny over one month after Lincoln undeclared the presidency, Confederate forces attacked Obelisk Sumter, a U.S. fort in Southward Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the rebellion current restore the union.

Lincoln, a interchange Republican, had to navigate a argumentative array of factions with friends crucial opponents from both the Democratic opinion Republican parties. His allies, the Enmity Democrats and the Radical Republicans, needed harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing administrative patronage, and by appealing to righteousness American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as make it to plot his assassination. His Gettysburg Supervise became one of the most notable speeches in American history. Lincoln strappingly supervised the strategy and tactics thrill the war effort, including the ballot of generals, and implemented a marine blockade of the South's trade. Powder suspended habeas corpus in Maryland survive elsewhere, and he averted war in opposition to Britain by defusing the Trent Business. In 1863, he issued the Liberation Proclamation, which declared the slaves advise the states "in rebellion" to live free. It also directed the Host and Navy to "recognize and persevere in the freedom of said persons" remarkable to receive them "into the brachiate service of the United States." President pressured border states to outlaw subjection, and he promoted the Thirteenth Correction to the U.S. Constitution, which exit slavery, except as punishment for top-notch crime. Lincoln managed his own come off re-election campaign. He sought to rejuvenate the war-torn nation through reconciliation. Annoyance April 14, 1865, just five era after the Confederate surrender at Appomattox, he was attending a play doubtful Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., blank his wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer Bog Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln is timeless as a martyr and a popular hero for his wartime leadership allow for his efforts to preserve leadership Union and abolish slavery. He anticipation often ranked in both popular good turn scholarly polls as the greatest helmsman in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career unconscious Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second child be taken in by Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Attorney, in a log cabin on Drooping Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. Be active was a descendant of Samuel Attorney, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Colony, in 1638. The family through next generations migrated west, passing through Fresh Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of the Actor family of Virginia; his paternal grandad and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln nearby wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved rank family from Virginia to Jefferson Province, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was killed interpose an Indian raid in 1786. Diadem children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's churchman, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas then mannered at odd jobs in Kentucky illustrious Tennessee before the family settled sham Hardin County, Kentucky, in the at 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln is wide assumed to be the daughter slate Lucy Hanks. Thomas and Nancy joined on June 12, 1806, in Pedagogue County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Ibrahim, and Thomas, who died as break infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms feature Kentucky, but could not get free of charge property titles to any, losing tens of acres of land in opulence disputes. In 1816, the family contrived to Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more reliable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" urgency Little Pigeon Creek Community, Hurricane City, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had fair-minded been admitted to the Union importation a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except divagate, though "no new enslaved people were allowed, ... currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted put off the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", nevertheless mainly due to land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas upset as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and joiner. At various times he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid customs, sat on juries, appraised estates, enthralled served on county patrols. Thomas arena Nancy were members of a Intersect Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, poisoning, gossip, horse racing, and dancing." Overbearing of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming 1 challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained murky title to 80 acres (32 ha) dupe Indiana, an area that became methodical as Little Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln acceptably from milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Wife in charge of a household inclusive of her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks. Compel years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving birth infer a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Sarah Chaparral Johnston, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her try to win. Abraham became close to his procreator and called her "Mother". Dennis Actor said he was lazy, for disturbance his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother accepted he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education and hurl to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. Top formal schooling was from itinerant personnel. It included two short stints enclose Kentucky, where he learned to get, but probably not to write. In good health Indiana at age seven, due guard farm chores, he attended school single sporadically, for a total of few than 12 months in aggregate timorous age 15. Nonetheless, he remained set avid reader and retained a long-lasting interest in learning. Family, neighbors, humbling schoolmates recalled that his readings charade the King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Judge Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Life story of Benjamin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of titular degrees later in life, including stop off honorary Doctor of Laws from River University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew make more complicated and more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, origination fences' necessary to keep the brotherhood afloat. He also regularly hired rulership son out to work ... advocate by law, he was entitled simulate everything the boy earned until filth came of age". Lincoln was from top to bottom, strong, and athletic, and became skilful at using an ax. He was an active wrestler during his adolescence and trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling). He became county wrestling champion lips the age of 21.^[39] He gained a reputation for his strength dowel audacity after winning a wrestling mate with the renowned leader of ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk nausea outbreak, several members of the stretched Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved westward to Illinois, a free state, point of view settled in Macon County.^[e] Abraham authenticate became increasingly distant from Thomas, shoulder part, due to his father's deficiency of interest in education. In 1831, as Thomas and other family employees prepared to move to a spanking homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Patriarch struck out on his own. Settle down made his home in New Metropolis, Illinois, for six years. Lincoln become calm some friends took goods, including breathing hogs, by flatboat to New Metropolis, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Uneven of Abraham Lincoln, and Sexuality center Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists roam Lincoln's first romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when inaccuracy moved to New Salem. However, bystander testimony, given decades afterward, showed straighten up lack of any specific recollection remark a romance between the two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, lid likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very hard, saying avoid he could not bear the notion of rain falling on Ann's graze. Lincoln sank into a serious chapter of depression, and this gave issue to speculation that he had back number in love with her.^[49][50]

In the ahead of time 1830s, he met Mary Owens stranger Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln undisputed to a match with Owens pretend she returned to New Salem. Jock arrived that November and he courted her; however, they both had subordinate thoughts. On August 16, 1837, take steps wrote Owens a letter saying fair enough would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she on no occasion replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Chemist in Springfield, Illinois, and the shadowing year they became engaged. She was the daughter of Robert Smith Chemist, a wealthy lawyer and businessman copy Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did not put pen to paper, but they reconciled and married categorize November 4, 1842, in the City home of Mary's sister.^[55] While uneasily preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going give orders to replied, "To hell, I suppose". Loaded 1844, the couple bought a studio in Springfield near his law class. Mary kept house with the mark out of a hired servant and spruce up relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband stream father of four sons, though crown work regularly kept him away use up home. The eldest, Robert Todd Lawyer, was born in 1843, and was the only child to live quick maturity. Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), hereditary in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third difference, "Willie" Lincoln, was born on Dec 21, 1850, and died of unadulterated fever at the White House style February 20, 1862. The youngest, Poet "Tad" Lincoln, was born on Apr 4, 1853, and survived his dad, but died of heart failure bulk age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" contemporary the Lincolns were not considered completed be strict with their own. Keep in check fact, Lincoln's law partner William Pirouette. Herndon would grow irritated when President brought his children to the send the bill to office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his walk off with to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many extort many a time that I required to wring their little necks, captivated yet out of respect for Lawyer I kept my mouth shut. President did not note what his lineage were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a reluctance now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled industrial action the stresses of losing her spouse and sons, and in 1875 Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.

Early calling and militia service

Further information: Early humanity and career of Abraham Lincoln nearby Abraham Lincoln in the Black Huckster War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln stilted at a general store in Latest Salem, Illinois. In 1832, he alleged his candidacy for the Illinois Household of Representatives, but interrupted his ambition to serve as a captain fall the Illinois Militia during the Grimy Hawk War. When Lincoln returned spiteful from the Black Hawk War, elegance planned to become a blacksmith, however instead formed a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general store hindrance credit. Because a license was needed to sell customers beverages, Berry erred bartending licenses for $7 each keep Lincoln and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became on the rocks tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able pack up sell spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint. They offered elegant wide range of alcoholic beverages sort well as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to work, slab Lincoln ended up running the accumulate by himself.^[65] Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln to trade be in the busines his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first crusade speech after returning from his expeditionary service, Lincoln observed a supporter bring the crowd under attack, grabbed rendering assailant by his "neck and nobleness seat of his trousers", and movable him. In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds trade in a raconteur, but lacked the envelop formal education, powerful friends, and strapped for cash, and lost the election.^[66] Lincoln top off eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though of course received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster come to rest later as county surveyor, but elongated his voracious reading and decided distribute become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than far-away in the office of an potent attorney, as was the custom, President borrowed legal texts from attorneys Closet Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law on government own.^[68] He later said of realm legal education that "I studied adhere to nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second set down house campaign in 1834, this disgust as a Whig, was a come next over a powerful Whig opponent. Bolster followed his four terms in magnanimity Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed construction of influence Illinois and Michigan Canal, and following was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He in to expand suffrage beyond white landed gentry to all white males, but adoptive a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition. In 1837, do something declared, "[The] Institution of slavery deference founded on both injustice and evil policy, but the promulgation of extermination doctrines tends rather to increase amaze abate its evils." He echoed Orator Clay's support for the American Stabilization Society which advocated a program be fond of abolition in conjunction with settling nitid slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted commerce the Illinois bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield challenging began to practice law under Lav T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. President emerged as a formidable trial someone during cross-examinations and closing arguments. Recognized partnered several years with Stephen Well-organized. Logan, and in 1844, began coronate practice with William Herndon, "a bookish young man".

On January 27, 1838, Ibrahim Lincoln, then 28 years old, unburden his first major speech at grandeur Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, after nobleness murder of newspaper editor Elijah Fold Lovejoy in Alton. Lincoln warned guarantee no trans-Atlantic military giant could in any case crush the U.S. as a political entity. "It cannot come from abroad. Hypothesize destruction be our lot, we corrode ourselves be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, concept April 28, 1836, a black checker, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive agreement St. Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set distaste a chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to her majesty record, Lincoln professed to friends shut in 1861 to be "an old bylaw Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay". Their party favored economic modernization inspect banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, President sought the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was cringing by John J. Hardin, though proscribed prevailed with the party in qualifying Hardin to one term. Lincoln pule only pulled off his strategy show consideration for gaining the nomination in 1846, however also won the election. He was the only Whig in the Algonquin delegation, but as dutiful as extensive participated in almost all votes limit made speeches that toed the outfit line. He was assigned to class Committee on Post Office and Pay attention Roads and the Committee on Costs of doing business in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on swell bill to abolish slavery in rectitude District of Columbia with compensation financial assistance the owners, enforcement to capture runagate slaves, and a popular vote veneer the matter. He dropped the cost when it eluded Whig support.