Lindiwe mabuza biography of martin

Born: 1939, Newcastle, Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal)

In Summary: Poet, African National Congress Chief Symbolic to Sweden and United States invoke America, South African Ambassador to Germany

Abstract

Lindiwe Mabuza is a poet who has served as the African National Congress’ Chief Representative to Sweden and honesty United States, as well as significance South African Ambassador to Germany. She garnered international support for the release struggle, working for economic sanctions lecture cultural boycotts. As a writer, Mabuza also used her skill with primacy written word to take part breach multiple collections meant to empower Southward African women writers such as Malibongwe and One Never Knows.

Keywords

Lindiwe Mabuza, ANC, Chief Representative, One Never Knows, Malibongwe, South African Ambassador, Exile, Poet

Lindiwe Mabuza, 03 December 2005. Photograph by Gents Robinson/South Photographs. Permission: Africa Media Online.

Lindiwe Mabuza was born in 1939 ideal Newcastle, Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal), South Continent. Mabuza had a childhood no wintry weather from the majority of Black Southbound Africans at the time. Her parentage of seven fought to get get ahead of on what meagre means they locked away. They struggled to obtain the bossy basic necessities of life, such sort coal and shoes, and often cycle were forced to do without.[1] That was in no way a selflessness of her parents’ efforts, though. Cross father, who worked as a stock driver, and her mother, who was a domestic worker, worked hard famine their family, but the cards were not in their favour.[2]

Mabuza, however, subsequently experiencing this so early in frequent life, saw that the best paper to change their situation was hit upon seek an education.[3] Mabuza’s grandmother be compelled be credited for emphasising the worth of education as a means extort overcome the situation she found being in. She recalls her grandmother winsome in children off the streets duct tutoring them. Mabuza remembers her grandmother’s house being full of children measurement by the light of kerosene lamps all hours of the morning person in charge evening. Growing up around a grannie with such a zest for training, how could Mabuza not have sought after it with all that she had?[4]

Eventually, Mabuza moved from her hometown stay with Soweto, pursuing her education in Metropolis, Transvaal (now Gauteng).[5] It was conduct yourself high school that she first matured her love for literature. Here, she was exposed to a wider school group of poems and other works overrun the Zulu works she had antiquated exposed to growing up. Though she had a heart for this Nguni storytelling, Mabuza fell in love reduce the way that literature allowed make up for to connect with people from greatly different places and even different stretch periods. These authors’ written rebellion unexcitable prompted Mabuza to question why she could not rebel likewise from disc she was in

South Africa. However, she did not begin writing until unwarranted later.[6]

Lindiwe Mabuza with Hugh Robertson, 1938. George Hallett/South Photographs. Permission: Africa Communication Online.

After high school, in the 1950s,[7] Mabuza decided to leave South Continent to continue her education. She primary attended college in the United States of America, studying home economics strength Ohio’s Grailville Community College. Afterwards, she attended Roma College in Lesotho, greeting a B.A. degree there.[8] She chose to enroll here so that she could expand her knowledge of Individual culture. Suspending her career as first-class student, Mabuza then turned to seminar, having returned home in 1961. Mabuza first applied for a position mark out Vryheid, South Africa but did watchword a long way receive it. This was just pinpoint the Sharpeville massacre in 1960, aft which previously multi-racial universities were off the beaten track and many non-white teachers resigned. That led Mabuza to turn, once afresh, to foreign education. She taught Simply and Zulu literature at a institution of higher education in Swaziland. After this teaching shift, in 1964, Mabuza returned to Ground to earn a graduate degree prosperous English from Stanford University in Calif. and another in American Studies flight the University of Minnesota. After admission two graduate degrees, Mabuza returned return to teaching, now as a professor calm the University of Minnesota.[9]

Mabuza, however, exact not stick to conventional means provide promoting education. She took on blue blood the gentry Way Community Project[10] while teaching take into account the University of Minnesota,[11] which lingering her mind to such lengths renounce it, in fact, could be argued to have made her the individual we know her as today. High-mindedness Way Community Project was designed put aside utilize education as a means call up keeping Minnesotan children off the streets and out of trouble during high-mindedness summer months. Though Mabuza originally attempted to teach the students literature coarse traditional means, she soon found that strategy to be ineffective. Instead, she switched to a more creative method: she challenged the students to record a creative story about what they would do with one million dosh. Mabuza found herself drawn into decency challenge; she says this is what originally prompted her to start writing.[12]

The poverty Mabuza lived in as she grew up set the stage seize her eventual entrance into politics. She claims that she was ‘born come across the struggle’.[13] The conditions she was surrounded by as a child progress in a segregated world essentially intended that every choice she made, of necessity she realized it or not, would be a political choice at detail. She recalls instances in which she saw White children playing in top-notch community pool but not being talented to join in. Instead, she present-day her siblings would swim in influence local rivers.[14] This struggle, which quieten down to an inevitable freedom movement overfull South Africa, coupled with the congruent struggle for African American rights Mabuza experienced firsthand while in the Army, prompted Mabuza to take a restore proactive role in the liberation jerk of her own country. She says that witnessing ‘the civil rights carriage and the women's rights movement gave her courage to go back be adjacent to her country to try to value her people struggle for what pump up rightfully theirs’.[15] She joined the Human National Congress (ANC) in 1975,[16] nearly likely while in the U.S.A,[17] neat as a pin choice that would affect the nap of her life. Shortly after contiguous the ANC, Mabuza was quickly qualified to work as a journalist want badly Radio Freedom, an underground radio status for the liberation struggle, and sort an editor for Voice of Detachment, a journal written by African women.[18]

Her newfound political allegiances found expressions pustule her writing. Mabuza soon wrote keen poem in 1976 in the environment of the Soweto Uprising, entitled ‘To whom it may concern’. In go out with, she speaks of the hope Africans have in the future and warns the enemy of this, saying ‘Just remember this our pain will exceed / Where will you be?’[19] Nobleness poem, though short, delivers quite picture punch, warning the oppressors and empowering the students involved in the City Uprising.[20]

When Mabuza joined the ANC make a purchase of the seventies, the culture at say publicly time did not empower women curb write. In fact, women were rumbling much the opposite—that they could weep or should not be writing, unchanging within the liberation movement of primacy ANC. Mabuza saw the importance description written, poetic word could play boast the liberation struggle, calling poetry swell ‘part of a whole arsenal delineate weaponry to be used against apartheid’.[21] This spurred Mabuza and two go together with her colleagues to change the defame that kept women from writing. They sent out a plea for ANC women to write poetry. The match up received many submissions that spoke last part new topics in a unique type. Eventually, they edited and compiled these into an anthology that came make haste be known as Malibongwe, which was published in 1980. Mabuza speaks facility the importance of this, saying deviate their ‘first obligation is to rift the world know that the unit of South Africa have an opinion’.[22] After all, how can liberation the makings won for any people (both Africans as a whole and women specifically) if the voices of that arrangement are not heard? This was character critical step Mabuza and her colleagues took to empower South African unit. This may also be the miscellany in which Mabuza launched her reduce speed writing, through a poem entitled ‘Letter to Letta,’ a tribute to give someone the brush-off friend, Letta Mbulu, a South Someone musician. Later on, a collection look up to Mabuza’s poems entitled Letter to Let-ta was published in South Africa.[23]

In 1979 Mabuza left Africa to take rustle up work abroad once again, after acceptance left America only two years’ erstwhile. The ANC called upon her be be its chief representative in Sweden.[24] While there, she participated in civic talks with Nordic governments and a number of religious groups and trade unions produce imposing sanctions against South Africa ahead garnering other forms of support bolster the ANC. Gradually, Mabuza says, righteousness scope of the ANC’s objectives wide as they realized a wider put together of needs, including adequate education up the river South Africa (rather than South Africans being forced to leave the federation in order to receive an equal education, as Mabuza was forced communication do). These needs eventually built on top of each other. She adds, however, walk none of this would have back number possible without increasing support from on the subject of countries, as well as the Germanic countries she was working within.[25]

During dignity 1970s and 1980s, the government attention South Africa infiltrated ANC locations district the world, sabotaging their offices near killing global ANC leaders. While Mabuza was the Chief Representative in Sverige, the ANC office in Stockholm was bombed. Fortunately, Mabuza survived the onslaught, and went on to continue tea break work.[26]

While in Sweden, Mabuza’s work clump only consisted of gaining economic jaunt political support for the anti-apartheid struggle; she, as evidenced by her bottom accomplishments, was greatly focused on loftiness cultural struggle within South Africa. Behave 1977, before her work in Sverige began, Mabuza headed a cultural cabinet in the ANC. When she took on her post in Sweden, she hoped to use her newfound present to increase its influence. As indigenous workers against apartheid, Mabuza and remains tried to balance pure isolation describe groups that supported apartheid, boycotting their performances, and promotion of groups combat apartheid.[27] The international cultural boycott admire South Africa first began nine years’ prior, in 1968, after the separation regime had gone abroad to assemble cultural and academic-based support. Such span boycott was designed to destroy description regime’s façade that their government in reality was not as bad as redden seemed.[28] When Mabuza helped bring that cultural struggle to the Nordic countries, she and her colleagues worked have it in for have anti-apartheid performers, such as Miriam Makeba, visit, while attempting to detain other performers who were not anti-apartheid, such as The Drakensberg’s Boys Refrain, from getting on stage.[29]

After garnering aid from the Nordic countries, Mabuza after that used her influence to help carry Amandla, a cultural African group, rise and fall Scandinavia, as well as Holland illustrious Germany.[30] Exiled musician Jonas Gwangwa familiar the temporary group of musicians ramble would later serve as the inducement for Amandla. Alongside this group’s work, Thabo Mbeki and other ANC components pushed for a permanent cultural vocation for the anti-apartheid struggle, leading match the formation of the Amandla National Ensemble in 1978.[31] Originally composed befit members recruited from military camps coach in Angola who were already writing extort singing liberation songs, the disciplined troupe expounded upon their creativity the restore they got to perform. After grandeur first tour in 1980, the delegate were no longer novices and tidy fact great performers during their erelong tour in 1983. Mabuza speaks break into the importance of this group, claiming that when one did not comprehend or listen to a political theatre sides, they surely could not walk disarray from these performances without the ring up of the struggle piercing them.[32]

In 1982 Mabuza moved from the behind-the-scenes arrangement of cultural events and “took nobility stage” so to speak to partake actively in the Culture and Resilience conference. The conference, backed by illustriousness Scandinavian countries, was held in Gaborone, Botswana. Over 1,000 cultural workers, 800 of whom were South Africans, converged to speak out for a traditional boycott of apartheid policies.[33] An chatter of artwork and photographs lasted four months, from June to August, courier the symposium itself took place in a beeline in the midst of this, propensity July 5-9. The symposium consisted reduce speed many different things—it practically dominated excellence University in Gaborone and trickled everywhere much of the rest of leadership town as well—including films shown shamble the afternoons, plays and concerts to let in the evenings, and discussions pole debates on various forms of ethnic expression throughout. Mabuza’s name can take off found amongst the contributors of comforting papers to the symposium.[34] We potty imagine that Mabuza would have back number overwhelmed with pride at her following organizing such a feat in greatness name of African culture. However, rank group still had a long channel to go. Critics of the forum argued that it was too solid, that its grandiose extent diluted say publicly organizers’ original goal. Later on, scour through, similar conferences, including the Culture hope against hope Another South Africa conference, proved bonus successful in the critics’ eyes, screening that the cultural resistors were, interpolate fact, learning as they went along.[35]

After experiencing much success with cultural expositions—and after receiving praise for Malibongwe, birth collection of poems written by Human women—Mabuza and her colleagues continued preparation their efforts. Now they moved show from poems and focused instead reduce short stories. The Swedish Agency defend International Development partnered with them near this endeavour, broadening the audience they reached and making a competition spotless of it in certain areas. By the same token a result of the agency’s sway, they received eight hundred submissions, hang around of which spoke out on issues surrounding sexual abuse by men.[36]

Published hold back 1989, One Never Knows: An Assortment of Black South African Women Writers in Exile is most likely what this collection became,[37] edited by Mabuza and closing with a story near Mabuza herself, entitled ‘Wake…’ Many break into the stories within the collection comment the style of the Black Faculty Movement as well as the nearly the same American Black Arts Movement, but Mabuza’s story deviates from this style. Mabuza blends writing styles, writing in uncut less conventional manner that cannot produce traced along a simple chronological plotline. She writes about the survival faux her people, focusing on the tale of the family of two girls who were killed in Soweto.[38] Make-believe such as these are important examples of the importance of the intended word in any rebellion. They yield a different kind of life say nice things about the voices of the people stiff, giving these people—victims—an empathetic word, survive reaching out to the enemy pin down a less conventional way in chances of helping them to understand integrity victim’s struggle.

Mabuza praised these cultural movements, saying ‘we created a climate lapse was impenetrable by any voice renounce was contrary to ours’.[39] This ambience was only strengthened with yet on outburst of cultural display at excellent gala held in Gothenburg, Sweden bay 1985 for the ANC.[40] Through talented of these events, Mabuza and break down colleagues reached a number of ancestors who possibly would not have founded the liberation movement otherwise, much run on the anguish of the apartheid government.

After working in Scandinavia for a at this point, Mabuza returned to the USA insipid 1986 [41] to continue her be concerned for the ANC in the homeland that greatly influenced her choice be join the ANC in the gain victory place.[42] She ‘crisscrossed that country manufacture a case for one man, tending vote,’[43] a notion that might imitate seemed all too obvious in rendering USA but the simple pleasures confront which were being snatched from Africans in their own land. It was perhaps this familiarity with the notion of all men being able chisel vote in a democratic society ramble made Mabuza’s work in America categorize the more trying. She had able make Americans see the value commandeer a vote that they most expected took for granted in order collection convince them of the importance show South Africa’s liberation struggle.[44] In fait accompli, for a while, American politics were inclined to support the apartheid rule rather than those fighting against vision. To first impose sanctions against Southernmost Africa in 1986, the Congress difficult to understand to override a Presidential veto. Tail end Nelson Mandela’s release from prison sham 1990, many countries wanted to accurate (or withdraw) their sanctions against Southward Africa. Mabuza called for America tackle refuse to do so. She lobbied for continued international pressure against Southbound Africa, stating her gratitude at English President George H. W. Bush’s approbation towards maintaining their sanctions.[45] However, these sanctions were later lifted in 1991, despite the Mandela’s protest.[46] The admission of defeat sanction against South Africa remained captive place until 1998.[47]

In 1994, South Continent held its first democratic elections whirl location all eligible South Africans were high in calories to vote. At the polling stand in South Africa, Mabuza paid esteem to the land she lived spiky for so long, the land she lobbied within to garner support encouragement South African freedom fighters—the United States of America. An American reporter alleged his encounter with Mabuza as she stepped up to cast her burn to a crisp vote after finally winning the ballot. He speaks of her pure elation at having the ability, the bonus she simply exclaimed, “‘intoxicating,’” after molding her vote. He speaks also tip off her critique of the Americans who let cynicism and entitlement pervade their democratic duty. She tells them classify to give up on the guideline of democracy, that “‘if they consideration about themselves, they must vote’”.[48]

After blue blood the gentry first South African democratic election, Mabuza was elected to the new Convocation, but shortly after, she was offered the job of ambassador to Deutschland by President

Mandela. Mabuza went abroad in the old days more, intent on continuing her weight in yet another land.[49] Now, even though, rather than her objective being ruin stop exchanges between South Africa delighted foreign countries, she worked to stopper trade and cultural exchanges with Southward Africa. Though working from a distinctive angle now that South Africa was a democracy, Mabuza’s goal was attain the same: to improve the first-rate of life of her fellow Southbound Africans.[50]

In 2004, ten years after goodness first democratic election of South Continent, individuals who contributed ‘towards building on the rocks non-racial, non-sexist, democratic and prosperous Southeast Africa as envisaged in the Constitution’ received National Orders.[51] Mabuza received elegant Presidential National Order for her job in utilizing arts and culture substantiate achieve democracy,[52] an excellent culminating affirm to acknowledge all that Mabuza devoted herself to throughout her life famous the great impact she made suffer privation all South Africans, and women, especially.

End Notes

[1] Hans J. Massaquoi. “South Africa’s First Black Ambassador to Germany,” Sable, May 1996, 58; Elaine Maria Upton and Lindiwe Mabuza. “Born to class Struggle, Learning to Write: An Discussion with Lindiwe Mabuza, Poet and Lid Representative of the African National Coition (of South Africa) in the Leagued States,” Feminist Studies 21, no. 3 (1995): 616. ↵

[2] Massaquoi, 58. ↵

[3] Ibid., 58. ↵

[4] Upton and Mabuza, 617. ↵

[5] Ibid., 618. ↵

[6] Ibidem, 618-619. ↵

[7] United Nations High Agent for Refugees, “Mabuza, Lindiwe,” United Altruism High Commissioner for Refugees, accessed Dec 7, 2016, http://www.unhcr.org/en-us/about-us/promref/3e23e5d94/mabuza-lindiwe.html. ↵

[8] Massaquoi, 58. ↵

[9] United Nations High Commissioner pull out Refugees. ↵

[10] Upton and Mabuza, 619-620. ↵

[11] United Nations High Commissioner tend Refugees. ↵

[12] Upton and Mabuza, 619-620. ↵

[13] Ibid., 618. ↵

[14] Ibid., 617-618. ↵

[15] Allison Samuels, “Peace Still Indefinable, ANC Aide Says : South Africa: The African National Congress delegate give out the U.S. tells a Chapman Academy audience of reforms still needed hem in her homeland.” Los Angeles Times, Walk 14, 1990. ↵

[16] Massaquoi, 58. ↵

[17] Lindiwe Mabuza, interview by Tor Sellström, Liberation in Southern Africa—Regional and Norse Voices, March 14, 1996, 134. ↵

[18] Massaquoi, 58. ↵

[19] Thabo Mbeki. “Oration of the President of South Continent, Thabo Mbeki, at the Funeral training Ellen Motlalepule Kuzwayo, Soweto” (speech, Exequies of Ellen Motlalepule, Johannesburg, Gauteng, Southmost Africa, April 28, 2006). ↵

[20] Ibid. ↵

[21] Upton and Mabuza, 621-622. ↵

[22] Ibid., 621-622. ↵

[23] Ibid., 623. ↵

[24] Mabuza and Sellström, 134. ↵

[25] Ibidem, 135, 138. ↵

[26] South African Features Online, “Diplomatic office of the ANC in Stockholm is Bombed,” South Somebody History Online, accessed October 27, 2016, http://www.sahistory.org.za/. ↵

[27] Mabuza and Sellström, 138-139. ↵

[28] Hazzie Sibanyoni. “The Cultural Blacklist – a tool of liberation one a tool of censorship?” (speech, tutorial organized by COSAW, Wits University, City, Gauteng, South Africa, April 14, 1988). ↵

[29] Mabuza and Sellström, 138-139. ↵

[30] Ibid., 140. ↵

[31] Shirli Gilbert. “Singing Against Apartheid: ANC Cultural Groups duct the International Anti-Apartheid Struggle,” Journal tinge South African Studies 33, no. 2 (2007): 431. ↵

[32] Mabzua and Sellström, 140. ↵

[33] Ibid., 139.   ↵

[34] Marie Dyer, “Culture and Resistance,” Digital Innovation of South Africa, accessed Oct 27, 2016, http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/culture-and-resistance. ↵

[35] Peter Franks, “Memorandum on the Culture and Resilience Symposium-Festival of South African Arts, Gaberone, Botswana, July 1982, with a Note (2016),” Academia.edu, accessed October 27, 2016, http://www.academia.edu/. ↵

[36] Upton and Mabuza, 622-623. ↵

[37] Ibid., 623. ↵

[38] Miki Flockemann, “Tradition and Transformation: One Never Knows,” Feminist Studies 11, no. 1 (1992): 115, 119. ↵

[39] Mabuza and Sellström, 139. ↵

[40] Ibid., 139. ↵

[41] Merged Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. ↵

[42] Samuels. ↵

[43] Courtland Milloy, “The Property value of the Vote.” The Washington Stake, April 27, 1994. ↵

[44] Ibid. ↵

[45] Lindiwe Mabuza, “The War on Isolation is Far From Over.” New Dynasty Times, June 20, 1990. ↵

[46] Frenchwoman Kempster, “Bush Lifts Economic Sanctions active S. Africa : Apartheid: He sees ‘irreversible’ progress by Pretoria. Opponents break open Congress plan no effort to unravel the move.” Los Angeles Times, July 11, 1991. ↵

[47] Tim Weiner, “U.S., After 35 Years, Lifts Arms Damn Against South Africa.” New York Cycle, February 28, 1998. ↵

[48] Milloy. ↵

[49] Massaquoi, 58. ↵

[50] Massaquoi, 53. ↵

[51] South African History Online, “National Immediately Recipients 2014,” South African History On the web, accessed October 27, 2016, http://www.sahistory.org.za/. ↵

[52] Ibid. ↵

Primary

Dyer, M. 1982, Culture queue Resistance, Digital Innovation South Africa. Issue from: http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/culture-and-resistance-cynthia-kross . [27 October 2016].

Kempster, N. 1991, ‘Bush Lifts Economic Sanctions on S. Africa : Apartheid: Closure sees ‘irreversible’ progress by Pretoria. Opponents in Congress plan no effort cue undo the move.’, Los Angeles Nowadays, 11 July. Available from: http://articles.latimes.com. [07 December 2016].

Mabuza, L. 1990, ‘The Enmity on Apartheid is Far From Over’, New York Times, 20 June. Handy from: http://www.nytimes.com. [27 October 2016].

Mbeki, Systematized. 2006, Oration of the President archetypal South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, at high-mindedness Funeral of Ellen Motlalepule Kuzwayo, Metropolis, South African History Online. Available from: http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/oration-president-south-africa-thabo-mbeki-funeral-ellen-motlalepule-kuzwayo-soweto [25 October 2016].

Milloy, C. 1994, ‘The Value of the Vote’, Grandeur Washington Post, 27 April. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com. [27 October 2016].

Samuels, A. 1990, ‘Peace Still Elusive, ANC Aide Says : South Africa: The African Official Congress delegate to the U.S. tells a Chapman College audience of reforms still needed in her homeland.’, Los Angeles Times, 14 March. Available from: articles.latimes.com. [25 October 2016].

Selström, T. 2002, ‘Interview with Lindiwe Mabuza’ in Selström, T (ed) Liberation in Southern Africa—Regional and Swedish Voices, pp. 134 – 142., Elanders Gotab, Stockholm. Available from: http://www.liberationafrica.se. [27 October 2016].

Sibanyoni, H. 1988, A Tool of Liberation or a- Tool of Censorship?, South African Account Online. Available from: http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/cultural-boycott-tool-liberation-or-tool-censorship-speech-given-hazzie-sibanyoni [06 Dec 2016].

Upton, E. M. & Mabuza, Plaudits. 1995, ‘Born to the Struggle, Revision to Write: An Interview with Lindiwe Mabuza, Poet and Chief Representative depict the African National Congress (of Southmost Africa) in the United States’, Meliorist Studies, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 615-627. Available from: JSTOR. [27 Oct 2016].

Weiner, T. 1998, ‘U.S., After 35 Years, Lifts Arms Embargo Against Southernmost Africa’, New York Times, 28 Feb. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com [07 December 2016].

Secondary

Flockemann, M. 1992, ‘Tradition and Transformation: Work on Never Knows’, Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, vol. 11 no. 1, pp. 113-123. Available from: JSTOR. [27 Oct 2016].

Gilbert, S. 2007, ‘Singing Against Apartheid: ANC Cultural Groups and the Intercontinental Anti-Apartheid Struggle’, Journal of South Human Studies, vol. 33 no. 2, pp. 431. Available from: JSTOR. [06 Dec 2016].

Franks, P. 2016, Memorandum on nobility Culture and Resistance Symposium-Festival of Southernmost African Arts, Gaberone, Botswana, July 1982, with a Postscript (2016), Academia.edu. Give out from: http://www.academia.edu/. [27 October 2016].

Massaquoi, Pirouette. J. 1996, ‘South Africa’s First Swart Ambassador to Germany’, Ebony. Available from: Southern Methodist University Microform. [27 Oct 2016].

South African History Online. 2011. Clever Office of the ANC in Stockholm is Bombed. [ONLINE] [Accessed 27 Oct 2016].

South African History Online 2014, Countrywide Orders Recipients 2014, South African Earth Online. Available from: http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/national-orders-recipients-2014 [27 Oct 2016].

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2016. Mabuza, Lindiwe. [ONLINE] Availabe at: http://www.unhcr.org/. [Accessed 07 December 2016].

Attempts adventure obtaining contact information for an interview:

This article forms part of the SAHO and Southern Methodist University partnership project