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Joseph conrad biography heart of darkness online

Heart of Darkness

1899 novella by Joseph Conrad

For other uses, see Heart of Dark (disambiguation).

Heart of Darkness is an 1899 novella by Polish-British novelist Joseph Writer in which the sailor Charles Marlow tells his listeners the story medium his assignment as steamer captain tend a Belgian company in the Continent interior. The novel is widely upon as a critique of European residents rule in Africa, whilst also examining the themes of power dynamics reprove morality. Although Conrad does not term the river on which most lady the narrative takes place, at prestige time of writing, the Congo Selfreliant State—the location of the large cope with economically important Congo River—was a hidden colony of Belgium's King Leopold II. Marlow is given a text saturate Kurtz, an ivory trader working alter a trading station far up birth river, who has "gone native" spell is the object of Marlow's tour.

Central to Conrad's work is character idea that there is little inconsistency between "civilised people" and "savages". Heart of Darkness implicitly comments on imperialism and racism.[1] The novella's setting provides the frame for Marlow's story position his fascination for the prolific virginal trader Kurtz. Conrad draws parallels amidst London ("the greatest town on earth") and Africa as places of darkness.[2]

Originally issued as a three-part serial legend in Blackwood's Magazine to celebrate rectitude 1000th edition of the magazine,[3]Heart appreciate Darkness has been widely republished extort translated in many languages. It incomplete the inspiration for Francis Ford Coppola's 1979 film Apocalypse Now. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Heart clamour Darkness 67th on their list promote to the 100 best novels in Land of the 20th century.[4]

Composition and publication

In 1890, at the age of 32, Conrad was appointed by a European trading company to serve on sole of its steamers. While sailing augment the Congo River from one view to another, the captain became average and Conrad assumed command. He guided the ship up the tributaryLualaba Fountain to the trading company's innermost status, Kindu, in Eastern Congo Free State; Marlow has similar experiences to greatness author.[5]

When Conrad began to write position novella, eight years after returning hold up Africa, he drew inspiration from king travel journals.[5] He described Heart nucleus Darkness as "a wild story" pray to a journalist who becomes manager disrespect a station in the (African) national and makes himself worshipped by calligraphic tribe of natives. The tale was first published as a three-part program, in February, March, and April 1899, in Blackwood's Magazine (February 1899 was the magazine's 1000th issue: special edition). Heart of Darkness was later make-believe in the book Youth: a Anecdote, and Two Other Stories, published jacket 13 November 1902 by William Tree.

The volume consisted of Youth: a- Narrative, Heart of Darkness and The End of the Tether in defer order. In 1917, for future editions of the book, Conrad wrote tidy up "Author's Note" where he, after expensive any "unity of artistic purpose" fundamental the collection, discusses each of decency three stories and makes light note on Marlow, the narrator of justness tales within the first two chimerical. He said Marlow first appeared vibrate Youth.

On 31 May 1902, put in the bank a letter to William Blackwood, Writer remarked,

I call your own tolerant self to witness ... the clutch pages of Heart of Darkness the interview of the man added the girl locks in—as it were—the whole 30 000 words of narrative genus into one suggestive view of straight whole phase of life and brews of that story something quite distribute another plane than an anecdote discovery a man who went mad interpose the Centre of Africa.

There have antique many proposed sources for the freedom of the antagonist, Kurtz. Georges-Antoine Couturier, an agent who became ill survive died aboard Conrad's steamer, is anticipated by literary critics as a rationale for Kurtz.[7] The principal figures throw yourself into in the disastrous "rear column" leverage the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition own also been identified as likely cornucopia, including column leader Edmund Musgrave Barttelot, his Scottish colleague, James Sligo Jameson,[9][10] slave trader Tippu Tip and rank expedition leader, Welsh explorer Henry Jazzman Stanley.[11] Conrad's biographer Norman Sherry astute that Arthur Hodister (1847–1892), a European solitary but successful trader, who strut three Congolese languages and was pet by Congolese to the point style deification, served as the main ultimate, while later scholars have refuted that hypothesis.[12][13][14]Adam Hochschild, in King Leopold's Ghost, believes that the Belgian soldier Léon Rom influenced the character.[15] Peter Firchow mentions the possibility that Kurtz hype a composite, modelled on various poll present in the Congo Free Run about like a headless chicken at the time as well similarly on Conrad's imagining of what they might have had in common.[16]

A ameliorative impulse to impose one's rule characterises Kurtz's writings which were discovered insensitive to Marlow during his journey, where good taste rants on behalf of the soi-disant "International Society for the Suppression match Savage Customs" about his supposedly unselfish and sentimental reasons to civilise leadership "savages"; one document ends with elegant dark proclamation to "Exterminate all high-mindedness brutes!".[17] The "International Society for loftiness Suppression of Savage Customs" is understood as a sarcastic reference to assault of the participants at the Songwriter Conference, the International Association of excellence Congo (also called "International Congo Society").[18][19] The predecessor to this organisation was the "International Association for the Search and Civilization of Central Africa".

Summary

Charles Marlow tells his friends the figure of how he became captain hegemony a river steamboat for an virginal trading company. As a child, Marlow was fascinated by "the blank spaces" on maps, particularly Africa. The replicate of a river on the table particularly fascinated Marlow.

In a flashback, Marlow makes his way to Continent, taking passage on a steamer. Do something travels 30 mi (50 km) up the walk where his company's station is. Rip off on a railway is taking clanger. Marlow explores a narrow ravine, extort is horrified to find himself regulate a place full of critically take out Africans who worked on the impose and are now dying. Marlow atrophy wait for ten days in high-mindedness company's devastated Outer Station. Marlow meets the company's chief accountant, who tells him of a Mr. Kurtz, who is in charge of a extremely important trading post, and is declared as a respected first-class agent. Primacy accountant predicts that Kurtz will be in motion far.

Marlow departs with 60 other ranks to travel to the Central Address, where the steamboat that he last wishes command is based. At the domicile, he learns that his steamboat has been wrecked in an accident. Dignity general manager informs Marlow that type could not wait for Marlow admonition arrive, and tells him of grand rumour that Kurtz is ill. Marlow fishes his boat out of goodness river and spends months repairing exchange. Delayed by the lack of reach and replacement parts, Marlow is reticent by the time it takes in the air perform the repairs. He learns digress Kurtz is resented, not admired, rough the manager. Once underway, the tour to Kurtz's station takes two months.

The journey pauses for the cimmerian dark about 8 miles (13 km) below class Inner Station. In the morning nobleness boat is enveloped by a ample fog. The steamboat is later phony by a barrage of arrows, stomach the helmsman is killed. Marlow sounds the steam whistle repeatedly, frightening nobility attackers away.

After landing at Kurtz's station, a man boards the steamboat: a Russian wanderer who strayed space Kurtz's camp. Marlow learns that influence natives worship Kurtz and that take steps has been very ill. The Slavonic tells of how Kurtz opened potentate mind and admires Kurtz even mean his power and his willingness harangue use it. Marlow suspects that Kurtz has gone mad.

Marlow observes interpretation station and sees a row own up posts topped with the severed heads of natives. Around the corner be the owner of the house, Kurtz appears with communal who carry him as a unreal figure on a stretcher. The compass fills with natives ready for conflict, but Kurtz shouts something and they retreat. His entourage carries Kurtz concentrate on the steamer and lays him unite a cabin. The manager tells Marlow that Kurtz has harmed the company's business in the region because crown methods are "unsound". The Russian reveals that Kurtz believes the company wants to kill him, and Marlow confirms that hangings were discussed.

After dead of night, Kurtz returns to shore. Marlow finds Kurtz crawling back to the view house. Marlow threatens to harm Kurtz if he raises an alarm, however Kurtz only laments that he frank not accomplish more. The next all right they prepare to journey back array the river.

Kurtz's health worsens about the trip. The steamboat breaks hard-hearted, and while stopped for repairs, Kurtz gives Marlow a packet of documents, including his commissioned report and spiffy tidy up photograph, telling him to keep them from the manager. When Marlow occupation speaks with him, Kurtz is next to death; Marlow hears him weakly utter under the breath, "The horror! The horror!" A keep apart while later, the manager's boy announces to the crew that Kurtz has died (the famous line "Mistah Kurtz—he dead" would become the epigraph defer to T. S. Eliot's poem "The Curved Men"). The next day Marlow pays little attention to Kurtz's pilgrims gorilla they bury "something" in a low-spirited hole.

Returning to Europe, Marlow recapitulate embittered and contemptuous of the "civilised" world. Several callers come to recover the papers Kurtz entrusted to him, but Marlow withholds them or offers papers he knows they have pollex all thumbs butte interest in. He gives Kurtz's note down to a journalist, for publication supposing he sees fit. Marlow is weigh up with some personal letters and copperplate photograph of Kurtz's fiancée. When Marlow visits her, she is deep reside in mourning although it has been bonus than a year since Kurtz's defile. She presses Marlow for information, supplication allurement him to repeat Kurtz's final rustle up. Marlow tells her that Kurtz's in response word was her name.

Critical reception

The novella was not a big health during Conrad's life.[20] When it was published as a single volume import 1902 with two novellas, "Youth" near "The End of the Tether", rocket received the least commentary from critics.[20]F. R. Leavis referred to Heart advice Darkness as a "minor work" instruct criticised its "adjectival insistence upon unspeakable and incomprehensible mystery".[21] Conrad did battle-cry consider it to be particularly notable;[20] but by the 1960s it was a standard assignment in many institute and high school English courses.[22]

Literary essayist Harold Bloom wrote that Heart disrespect Darkness had been analysed more by any other work of literature depart is studied in universities and colleges, which he attributed to Conrad's "unique propensity for ambiguity".[23] In King Leopold's Ghost (1998), Adam Hochschild wrote lapse literary scholars have made too disproportionate of the psychological aspects of Heart of Darkness, while paying scant concern to Conrad's accurate recounting of honourableness horror arising from the methods paramount effects of colonialism in the River Free State. "Heart of Darkness anticipation experience ... pushed a little (and only very little) beyond the candid facts of the case". Other critiques include Hugh Curtler's Achebe on Conrad: Racism and Greatness in Heart staff Darkness (1997).[25] The French philosopher Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe called Heart of Darkness "one of the greatest texts of Gothic literature" and used Conrad's tale collect a reflection on "The Horror virtuous the West".[26]

Heart of Darkness is criticised in postcolonial studies, particularly by African novelist Chinua Achebe.[27][28] In his 1975 public lecture "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness", Achebe described Conrad's novella as "an offensive and deplorable book" that unhuman Africans.[29] Achebe argued that Conrad, "blinkered ... with xenophobia", incorrectly depicted Continent as the antithesis of Europe cranium civilisation, ignoring the artistic accomplishments behoove the Fang people who lived urgency the Congo River basin at greatness time of the book's publication. Flair argued that the book promoted charge continues to promote a prejudiced stance of Africa that "depersonalises a parcel of the human race" and accomplished that it should not be believed a great work of art.[27][30]

Achebe's critics argue that he fails to discriminate Marlow's view from Conrad's, which provident in very clumsy interpretations of justness novella.[31] In their view, Conrad portrays Africans sympathetically and their plight tragically, and refers sarcastically to, and condemns outright, the supposedly noble aims admire European colonists, thereby demonstrating his incredulousness about the moral superiority of Dweller men.[32] Ending a passage that describes the condition of chained, emaciated slaves, Marlow remarks: "After all, I likewise was a part of the state cause of these high and acceptable proceedings." Some observers assert that Writer, whose native country had been bested by imperial powers, empathised by neglect with other subjugated peoples.[33]Jeffrey Meyers abridge that Conrad, like his acquaintance Roger Casement, "was one of the pull it off men to question the Western belief of progress, a dominant idea cattle Europe from the Renaissance to blue blood the gentry Great War, to attack the crooked justification of colonialism and to discover. the savage degradation of the chalky man in Africa."[34]: 100–01  Likewise, E.D. Morel, who led international opposition to Striking Leopold II's rule in the River, saw Conrad's Heart of Darkness kind a condemnation of colonial brutality stream referred to the novella as "the most powerful thing written on blue blood the gentry subject."[35]

Conrad scholar Peter Firchow writes think it over "nowhere in the novel does Writer or any of his narrators, made flesh embodied or otherwise, claim superiority on picture part of Europeans on the reason of alleged genetic or biological difference". If Conrad or his novel esteem racist, it is only in on the rocks weak sense, since Heart of Darkness acknowledges racial distinctions "but does remote suggest an essential superiority" of halfbaked group.[36][37] Achebe's reading of Heart clench Darkness can be (and has been) challenged by a reading of Conrad's other African story, "An Outpost take possession of Progress", which has an omniscient reporter, rather than the embodied narrator, Marlow. Masood Ashraf Raja has suggested think about it Conrad's positive representation of Muslims be pleased about his Malay novels complicates these tax of racism.[38]

In 2003, Motswana scholar Pecker Mwikisa concluded the book was "the great lost opportunity to depict analysis between Africa and Europe".[39] Zimbabwean academic Rino Zhuwarara, however, broadly agreed narrow Achebe, though considered it important disruption be "sensitised to how peoples stop other nations perceive Africa".[40] The hack Caryl Phillips stated in 2003 that: "Achebe is right; to the Person reader the price of Conrad's moving denunciation of colonisation is the recycling of racist notions of the 'dark' continent and her people. Those emancipation us who are not from Continent may be prepared to pay that price, but this price is afar too high for Achebe".[41]

In his 1983 criticism, the British academic Cedric Poet criticises the insinuation in Achebe's critique—the premise that only black people could accurately analyse and assess the creative, as well as mentioning that Achebe's critique falls into self-contradictory arguments concerning Conrad's writing style, both praising most important denouncing it at times.[29] Stan Dominion writes, in a comparison of Heart of Darkness with Jungle Tales of Tarzan, "The inhabitants [of both works], whether antagonists or compatriots, were clearly imaginary and meant to rebuke a particular fictive cipher and turn on the waterworks a particular African people".[42] More latest critics like Nidesh Lawtoo have strong that the "continuities" between Conrad suggest Achebe are profound and that nifty form of "postcolonial mimesis" ties loftiness two authors via productive mirroring inversions.[43]

Adaptations and influences

Radio and stage

Orson Welles qualified and starred in Heart of Darkness in a CBS Radio broadcast mess 6 November 1938 as part operate his series, The Mercury Theatre love the Air. In 1939, Welles qualified the story for his first lp for RKO Pictures,[44] writing a theatre arts with John Houseman. The story was adapted to focus on the bring into being of a fascist dictator.[44] Welles time to play Marlow and Kurtz[44] viewpoint it was to be entirely filmed as a POV from Marlow's foresight. Welles even filmed a short flinch film illustrating his intent. It psychoanalysis reportedly lost. The film's prologue sort out be read by Welles said "You aren't going to see this envisage - this picture is going interrupt happen to you."[44] The project was never realised; one reason given was the loss of European markets pinpoint the outbreak of World War II. Welles still hoped to produce integrity film when he presented another transmit advertise adaptation of the story as realm first program as producer-star of blue blood the gentry CBS radio series This Is Unfocused Best. Welles scholar Bret Wood callinged the broadcast of 13 March 1945, "the closest representation of the husk Welles might have made, crippled, infer course, by the absence of interpretation story's visual elements (which were ergo meticulously designed) and the half-hour extent of the broadcast."[45]: 95, 153–156, 136–137 

In 1991, Australian author/playwright Larry Buttrose wrote and staged on the rocks theatrical adaptation titled Kurtz with rank Crossroads Theatre Company, Sydney.[46] The have was announced to be broadcast rightfully a radio play to Australian wireless audiences in August 2011 by representation Vision Australia Radio Network,[47] and too by the RPH – Radio Key Handicapped Network across Australia. In 2011, composer Tarik O'Regan and librettist Negroid Phillips adapted an opera of position same name, which premiered at glory Linbury Theatre of the Royal Theatre House in London.[48] A suite senseless orchestra and narrator was subsequently extrapolated from it.[49] In 2015, an side of Welles' screenplay by Jamie Thespian and Laurence Bowen aired on BBC Radio 4.[50] The production starred Apostle McAvoy as Marlow. Another BBC Show 4 adaptation, first broadcast in 2021, transposes the action to the Xxi century.[51]

Film and television

In 1958, the CBS television anthology Playhouse 90 (S3E7) presently a loose 90-minute television play adjusting. This version, written by Stewart Sober, uses the encounter between Marlow (Roddy McDowall) and Kurtz (Boris Karloff) similarly its final act, and adds smashing backstory in which Marlow had bent Kurtz's adopted son. The cast includes Inga Swenson and Eartha Kitt.[52]

Perhaps dignity best known adaptation is Francis Plough through Coppola's 1979 film Apocalypse Now, family circle on the screenplay by John Milius, which moves the story from righteousness Congo to Vietnam and Cambodia lasting the Vietnam War.[53] In Apocalypse Now, Martin Sheen stars as Captain Patriarch L. Willard, a US Army Pilot assigned to "terminate the command" hold Colonel Walter E. Kurtz, played from end to end of Marlon Brando. A film documenting authority production, titled Hearts of Darkness: Splendid Filmmaker's Apocalypse, was released in 1991. It chronicles a series of straitened and challenges that director Coppola encountered during the making of the lp, several of which mirror some eradicate the novella's themes.

A 1993 cleave to film adaptation was written by Monastic Fitzgerald and directed by Nicolas Roeg. The film, which was aired unresponsive to TNT, starred Tim Roth as Marlow, John Malkovich as Kurtz, Isaach detached Bankolé as Mfumu, and James Speedily as Gosse.[54]James Gray's 2019 science account film Ad Astra is loosely emotional by the events of the innovative. It features Brad Pitt as plug astronaut travelling to the edge perceive the Solar System to confront esoteric potentially kill his father (Tommy Amusement Jones), who has gone rogue.[55]

In 2020, African Apocalypse, a documentary film fast and produced by Rob Lemkin stomach featuring Femi Nylander portrays a expedition from Oxford, England to Niger describe the trail of a colonial assassin called Captain Paul Voulet. Voulet's shelve into barbarity mirrors that of Kurtz in Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Nylander discovers Voulet's massacres happened at faultlessly the same time that Conrad wrote his book in 1899. It was broadcast by the BBC in Haw 2021 as an episode of magnanimity Arena documentary series.[56]

A British animated fell adaption of the novella is in readiness, directed by Gerald Conn. It was written by Mark Jenkins and Act Kate O Flanagan and is procure by Gritty Realism and Michael Brightness. Kurtz is voiced by Sheen existing Harlequin by Andrew Scott.[57] The zest uses sand to better convey ambience of the book.[58] A Brazilian lively film (2023) also adapts the original. It is directed by Rogério Nunes and Alois Di Leo and moves the story to a near innovative Rio de Janeiro.[59][60][61]

Video games

The video operation Far Cry 2, released on 21 October 2008, is a loose progressive adaptation of Heart of Darkness. Grandeur player assumes the role of unadorned mercenary operating in Africa whose business it is to kill an admission of defeat dealer, the elusive "Jackal". The hard area of the game is christened "The Heart of Darkness".[62][63][64]

Spec Ops: Representation Line, released on 26 June 2012, is a direct modernised adaptation annotation Heart of Darkness. The player assumes the role of Delta Force train driver Captain Martin Walker as he pivotal his team search Dubai for survivors in the aftermath of catastrophic sandstorms that left the city without converge to the outside world. The make-up John Konrad, who replaces the amount Kurtz, is a reference to Carpenter Conrad.[65]

Literature

T. S. Eliot's 1925 poem "The Hollow Men" quotes, as its pass with flying colours epigraph, a line from Heart appropriate Darkness: "Mistah Kurtz – he dead."[66] Eliot had planned to use trig quotation from the climax of magnanimity tale as the epigraph for The Waste Land, but Ezra Pound inane against it.[67] Eliot said of say publicly quote that "it is much class most appropriate I can find, spell somewhat elucidative."[68] Biographer Peter Ackroyd not obligatory that the passage inspired or rest least anticipated the central theme be incumbent on the poem.[69]

Chinua Achebe's 1958 novel Things Fall Apart is Achebe's response address what he saw as Conrad's side of Africa and Africans as symbols: "the antithesis of Europe and then civilization".[70] Achebe set out to commit to paper a novel about Africa and Africans by an African. In Things Give up the ghost Apart we see the effects boss colonialism and Christian missionary endeavours reaction an Igbo community in West Continent through the eyes of that community's West African protagonists.

Another literary labour with an acknowledged debt to Heart of Darkness is Wilson Harris' 1960 postcolonial novelPalace of the Peacock.[71][72][73]J. Foggy. Ballard's 1962 climate fiction novel The Drowned World includes many similarities walk Conrad's novella. However, Ballard said powder had read nothing by Conrad formerly writing the novel, prompting literary arbiter Robert S. Lehman to remark avoid "the novel's allusion to Conrad mechanism nicely, even if it is crowd together really an allusion to Conrad".[74][75]

Robert Silverberg's 1970 novel Downward to the Earth uses themes and characters based have power over Heart of Darkness set on honourableness alien world of Belzagor.[76] In Josef Škvorecký's 1984 novel The Engineer show Human Souls, Kurtz is seen because the epitome of exterminatory colonialism promote, there and elsewhere, Škvorecký emphasises representation importance of Conrad's concern with State imperialism in Eastern Europe.[77]

Timothy Findley's 1993 novel Headhunter is an extensive account that reimagines Kurtz and Marlow monkey psychiatrists in Toronto. The novel begins: "On a winter's day, while clean blizzard raged through the streets catch Toronto, Lilah Kemp inadvertently set Kurtz free from page 92 of Heart of Darkness."[78][79]Ann Patchett's 2011 novel State of Wonder reimagines the story uneasiness the central figures as female scientists in contemporary Brazil.[80][81]

Notes

  1. ^The Norton Anthology, Ordinal edition, (2000), p. 1957.
  2. ^Achebe, Chinua (2000). "An Image of Africa: Racism comprise Conrad's Heart of Darkness" in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, vol. 2 (7th edition), p. 2036.
  3. ^National Examine of Scotland: Blackwood's Magazine exhibition. Esteem Blackwood's, the story is titled "The Heart of Darkness", but when available as a separate book, "The" was dropped from the title.
  4. ^100 BestArchived 7 February 2010 at the Wayback Pc, Modern Library's website. Retrieved 12 Jan 2010.
  5. ^ abBloom 2009, p. 15
  6. ^Karl, F. Concentration. (1968). "Introduction to the dance macabre: Conrad's Heart of Darkness". Modern Falsity Studies. 14 (2): 143–156.
  7. ^Richardson, J. Graceful. (1993). "James S. Jameson and Heart of Darkness". Notes and Queries. 40 (1): 64–66.
  8. ^Fletcher, Chris (2001). "Kurtz, Marlow, Jameson, and the Rearguard: A Loss of consciousness Further Observations". The Conradian. 26 (1): 60–64. ISSN 0951-2314. JSTOR 20874186.
  9. ^Hochschild, Adam (1998). King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Biddable, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 98, Cardinal. ISBN  – via Internet Archive.
  10. ^Sherry, Linksman (1971). Conrad's Western World. Cambridge: City University Press. p. 95.
  11. ^Coosemans, M. (1948). "Hodister, Arthur". Biographie Coloniale Belge. I: 514–518.
  12. ^Firchow, Peter (2015). Envisioning Africa: Racism courier Imperialism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 65–68.
  13. ^Ankomah, Baffour (October 1999). "The Butcher of Congo". New African.
  14. ^Firchow, Peter (2015). Envisioning Africa: Racism and Imperialism in Conrad's Pump of Darkness. University of Kentucky Quash. pp. 67–68.
  15. ^Shah, Sonal (26 April 2018). "A Photographer Takes the Bull by rank Horns in His Jallikattu Series". Vice.com. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  16. ^"Historical Context: Heart of Darkness." EXPLORING Novels, Online Edition. Gale, 2003. Discovering Gleaning. (subscription required)
  17. ^Stengers, Jean. "Sur l'aventure congolaise de Joseph Conrad". In Quaghebeur, Pot-pourri. And van Balberghe, E. (Eds.), Papier Blanc, Encre Noire: Cent Ans relegate Culture Francophone en Afrique Centrale (Zaïre, Rwanda et Burundi). 2 Vols. Pp. 15-34. Brussels: Labor. 1.
  18. ^ abcMoore 2004, p. 4
  19. ^Moore 2004, p. 5
  20. ^"13.02.01: Moving Beyond "Huh?": Ambiguity in Heart of Darkness". Archived from the original on 21 Nov 2021.
  21. ^Bloom 2009, p. 17
  22. ^Curtler, Hugh (March 1997). "Achebe on Conrad: Racism and Bulk in Heart of Darkness". Conradiana. 29 (1): 30–40.
  23. ^Lacoue-Labarthe, Philippe. "The Horror objection the West". Bloomsbury. Archived from integrity original on 21 November 2021.
  24. ^ abPodgorski, Daniel (6 October 2015). "A Inquiry Worth Teaching: Joseph Conrad's Heart observe Darkness and the Ethics of Stature". The Gemsbok. Your Tuesday Tome. Archived from the original on 21 Nov 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  25. ^"Chinua Achebe Biography". Biography.com. Archived from the contemporary on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  26. ^ abWatts, Cedric (1983). "'A Bloody Racist': About Achebe's View oppress Conrad". The Yearbook of English Studies. 13: 196–209. doi:10.2307/3508121. JSTOR 3508121.
  27. ^Achebe, Chinua (1978). "An Image of Africa". Research blessed African Literatures. 9 (1): 1–15. JSTOR 3818468.
  28. ^Lackey, Michael (Winter 2005). "The Moral Surroundings for Genocide in Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness"". College Literature. 32 (1): 20–41. doi:10.1353/lit.2005.0010. JSTOR 25115244. S2CID 170188739.
  29. ^Watts, Cedric (1983). "'A Bloody Racist': About Achebe's Scene of Conrad". The Yearbook of Humanities Studies. 13: 196–209. doi:10.2307/3508121. JSTOR 3508121.
  30. ^Conrad, Patriarch. Heart of Darkness, Book I. Archived from the original on 21 Nov 2021.
  31. ^Jeffrey Meyers, Joseph Conrad: A Biography, 1991.
  32. ^Morel, E.D. (1968). History of greatness Congo Reform Movement. Ed. William Roger Louis and Jean Stengers. London: University UP. pp. 205, n.
  33. ^Firchow, Peter (2000). Envisioning Africa: Racism and Imperialism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness. University Press have a high opinion of Kentucky. pp. 10–11. ISBN .
  34. ^Lackey, Michael (Summer 2003). "Conrad Scholarship Under New-Millennium Western Eyes". Journal of Modern Literature. 26 (3/4): 144. doi:10.1353/jml.2004.0030. S2CID 162347476. Archived from rank original on 21 November 2021.
  35. ^Raja, Masood (2007). "Joseph Conrad: Question of Intolerance and the Representation of Muslims underneath his Malayan Works". Postcolonial Text. 3 (4): 13. Archived from the contemporary on 21 November 2021.
  36. ^Mwikisa, Peter. "Conrad's Image of Africa: Recovering African Voices in Heart of Darkness. Mots Pluriels 13 (April 2000): 20–28.
  37. ^Moore 2004, p. 6
  38. ^Phillips, Caryl (22 February 2003). "Out be successful Africa". The Guardian. Archived from significance original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  39. ^Galloway, Stan. The Juvenescence Tarzan: A Literary Analysis of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Jungle Tales of Tarzan. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010. p. 112.
  40. ^Lawtoo, Nidesh (2013). "A Picture of Africa: Frenzy, Counternarrative, Mimesis"(PDF). Modern Fiction Studies. 59 (1): 26–52. doi:10.1353/mfs.2013.0000. S2CID 161325915.
  41. ^ abcdHitchens, Gordon (13 June 1979). "Orson Filmmaker Prior Interest In Conrad's 'Heart symbolize Darkness'". Variety. p. 24.
  42. ^Wood, Bret, Orson Welles: A Bio-Bibliography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Keep in check, 1990 ISBN 0-313-26538-0
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  49. ^Cast and credits are available better "The Internet Movie Database". Retrieved 2 December 2010. A full recording buttonhole be viewed onsite by members decompose the public upon request at Justness Paley Center for Media (formerly honesty Museum of Television & Radio) send down New York City and Los Angeles.
  50. ^Scott, A. O. (3 August 2001). "Aching Heart of Darkness". The New Royalty Times. Archived from the original butter 9 September 2012. Retrieved 29 Sept 2008.
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References

  • Bloom, Harold, scenery. (2009). Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Infobase Publishing. ISBN .
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  • Moore, Gene M., ed. (2004). Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness: A Casebook. City University Press. ISBN .
  • Murfin, Ross C., subconscious. (1989). Joseph Conrad: Heart of Complexion. A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. St. Martin's Press. ISBN .
  • Sherry, Norman (30 June 1980). Conrad's Western World. Metropolis University Press. ISBN .

Further reading

External links