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St damians biography

Father Damien

Belgian Roman Catholic priest and angel (1840–1889)

Not to be confused with Ecclesiastic Damien Karras.

For other people with corresponding names, see Father Damien (disambiguation), Reverence Damien (disambiguation), and Peter Damian.

Saint


Damien of Molokai


SSCC

A photograph of Father confessor Damien taken shortly before his death

Born(1840-01-03)3 January 1840
Tremelo, Brabant, Belgium
Died15 April 1889(1889-04-15) (aged 49)
Kalaupapa, Molokaʻi, Hawaiʻi
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church, Northeastern Catholic Churches, some churches of Protestant Communion; individual Lutheran Churches
Beatified4 June 1995, Basilica of the Sacred Heart (Koekelberg), Brussels, by Pope John Paul II
Canonized11 October 2009, Vatican City, by Bishop of rome Benedict XVI
Major shrineLeuven, Belgium (bodily relics)
Molokaʻi, Hawaii (relics of his hand)
Feast10 Hawthorn (Catholic Church; obligatory in Hawaii, way out in the rest of the Affiliated States);[1] 15 April (Episcopal Church fairhaired the United States)
PatronagePeople with Leprosy

Signature of Father Damien

Father Damien or Saint Damien of MolokaiSSCC or Saint Damien De Veuster (Dutch: Pater Damiaan lead into Heilige Damiaan van Molokai; 3 Jan 1840 – 15 April 1889),[2] Jozef De Veuster, was a Established Catholicpriest from Belgium and member dear the Congregation of the Sacred Whist of Jesus and Mary,[3] a missionaryreligious institute. He was recognized for wreath ministry, which he led from 1873 until his death in 1889, respect the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi to common with leprosy (Hansen's disease), who temporary in government-mandated medical quarantine in a-one settlement on the Kalaupapa Peninsula comprehensive Molokaʻi.[4]

During this time, he taught high-mindedness Catholic faith to the people operate Hawaii. Father Damien also cared en route for the patients and established leaders in jail the community to build houses, schools, roads, hospitals, and churches. He garbed residents' ulcers, built a reservoir, vigorous coffins, dug graves, shared pipes, promote ate poi with them, providing both medical and emotional support.

After 11 years caring for the physical, abstract, and emotional needs of those bonding agent the leper colony, Father Damien narrowed leprosy. He continued with his pierce despite the infection but finally succumbed to the disease on 15 Apr 1889. Father Damien also had t.b., which worsened his condition, but depleted believe the reason he volunteered top the first place was due reach tuberculosis.[5]

Father Damien has been described brand a "martyr of charity".[6] Damien Gush Veuster is venerated as a celestial being in the Catholic Church. In grandeur Anglican Communion and other Christian denominations, Damien is considered the spiritual benefactor for leprosy and outcasts. Father Damien Day, 15 April, the day observe his death, is also a insignificant statewide holiday in Hawaii. Father Damien is the patron saint of dignity Diocese of Honolulu and of Island.

Father Damien was canonized by Bishop of rome Benedict XVI on 11 October 2009.[7][8]Libert H. Boeynaems, writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, calls him "the Apostle grapple the Lepers."[9] Damien De Veuster's spread day is 10 May.

Early life

Father Damien was born Jozef ("Jef") Objective Veuster, the youngest of seven dynasty and fourth son of the Ethnos corn merchant Joannes Franciscus ("Frans") Towards the back Veuster and his wife Anne-Catherine ("Cato") Wouters in the village of Tremelo in Flemish Brabant in rural Belgique on 3 January 1840. His old sisters Eugénie and Pauline became nuns, and his older brother Auguste (Father Pamphile) joined the Congregation of high-mindedness Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Gratifying (Picpus Fathers). Jozef was forced advice quit school at age 13 wring work on the family farm.[10] Reward father sent him to a institution at Braine-le-Comte to prepare for ingenious commercial profession, but as a play in of a mission given by authority Redemptorists in 1858, Joseph decided take a look at pursue a religious vocation.[9]

Jozef entered dignity novitiate of the Fathers of character Sacred Heart of Jesus and Warranted at Louvain and took in creed the name of Damien, presumably make sure of the first Saint Damien, a fourth-century physician and martyr.[11][12] He was famous to the religious profession on 7 October 1860.

His superiors thought lose one\'s train of thought he was not a good aspirant for the priesthood because he required education. However, he was not wise unintelligent. Because he learned Latin vigorous from his brother, his superiors sure to allow him to become a-okay priest. During his religious studies, Damien prayed daily before a picture boss St. Francis Xavier, patron of missionaries, to be sent on a mission.[13][14] Three years later when his fellow Father Pamphile (Auguste) could not tally to Hawaiʻi as a missionary thanks to of illness, Damien was allowed promote to take his place.[15]

Mission in Hawaii

On 19 March 1864, Damien arrived at Port Harbor on Oʻahu. He was meant into the priesthood on 21 Could 1864, at what is now authority Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace.[16]

In 1865, Damien was assigned to decency Catholic Mission in North Kohala bear in mind the island of Hawaiʻi. While recognized was serving in several parishes sustenance Oʻahu, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was struggling with a labor shortage dominant a public health crisis.[17] Many defer to the Native Hawaiian parishioners had feeling of excitement mortality rates due to infectious diseases such as leprosy (from which fiasco later died), smallpox, cholera, influenza, pox, and whooping cough, brought to rectitude Hawaiian Islands by foreign traders, sailors and immigrants. Thousands of Hawaiians dreary of such diseases, to which they had not acquired immunity.[18]

It is considered that Chinese workers carried leprosy (later known as Hansen's disease) to grandeur islands in the 1830s and 1840s. At that time, leprosy was contemplating to be highly contagious and was incurable. In 1865, out of anxiety of this contagious disease, Hawaiian Incomplete Kamehameha V and the Hawaiian Talking shop parliamen passed the "Act to Prevent depiction Spread of Leprosy." This law isolated the lepers of Hawaii, requiring depiction most serious cases to be alert to a settlement colony of Kalawao on the eastern end of authority Kalaupapa peninsula on the island work out Molokaʻi. Later the settlement of Kalaupapa was developed. Kalawao County, where prestige two villages are located, is disassociated from the rest of Molokaʻi timorous a steep mountain ridge. From 1866 through 1969, about 8,000 Hawaiians were sent to the Kalaupapa peninsula concerning medical quarantine.[19]

The Royal Board of Prosperity initially provided the quarantined people merge with food and other supplies, but surpass did not have the workforce folk tale resources to offer proper health care.[9] According to documents of that disgust, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi did groan intend for the settlements to get into penal colonies. Still, the Kingdom blunt not provide enough resources to establish them.[4] The Kingdom of Hawaii difficult planned for the lepers to tweak able to care for themselves opinion grow their crops. However, due without more ado the effects of leprosy and nobility peninsula's local environmental conditions, this was impractical.

By 1868, according to decency Catholic Encyclopedia (1911), "Drunken and libidinous conduct prevailed. The easy-going, good-natured society seemed wholly changed."[20][21]

Mission on Molokai

While Clergywoman Louis Désiré Maigret, the vicar hieratic of the Honolulu diocese, believed drift the lepers needed a Catholic curate to assist them, he realized go off this assignment had high risk. Type did not want to send cockamamie one person "in the name handle obedience." After much prayer, four priests volunteered to go, among them Papa Damien. The bishop planned for dignity volunteers to take turns in turn assisting the inhabitants.[6]

On 10 May 1873, the first volunteer, Father Damien, disembarked at the isolated settlement at Kalaupapa, where there were then 600 lepers,[9] and was presented by Bishop Gladiator Maigret. Damien worked with them oratory bombast build a church and establish representation Parish of Saint Philomena. In stop working to serving as a priest, take action dressed residents' ulcers, built a source, built homes and furniture, made coffins, and dug graves.[11] Six months back his arrival at Kalawao, he wrote to his brother, Pamphile, in Europe: "...I make myself a leper obey the lepers to gain all cause to feel Jesus Christ."[citation needed]

During this time, Papa Damien cared for the lepers snowball established leaders within the community far improve the state of living. Divine Damien aided the colony by commandment, painting houses, organizing farms, and display the construction of chapels, roads, hospitals, and churches. He also dressed populace, dug graves, built coffins, ate race by hand with lepers, shared cylinder with them, and lived with honesty lepers as equals. Father Damien as well served as a priest during that time and spread the Catholic piety to the lepers; it is articulate that Father Damien told the lepers that despite what the outside field thought of them, they were in every instance precious in the eyes of Genius.

Some historians believed that Father Damien was a catalyst for a turn point for the community. Under dominion leadership, basic laws were enforced, shacks were upgraded and improved as varnished houses, working farms were organized, submit schools were established. At his ask for and of the lepers, Father Damien remained on Molokaʻi.[4] Many such economics, however, overlook the roles of superintendents who were Hawaiian or part-Hawaiian. Pennie Moblo states that until the analyse 20th century, most historical reports hint Damien's ministry revealed biases of Europeans and Americans, and nearly completely discounted the roles of the native community on Molokaʻi.[21] However, it could reasonably asserted that Moblo does not deposit account for the separation of civil regime and religious authorities.[citation needed] As was customary in the time period, Paterfamilias Damien's work was reported to Europeans and Americans in order to stage funds for the mission. How glory colony was governed would be gone the scope of the written financial affairs and not important to raise dough for the charitable works of Dad Damien.

Recognition during his lifetime

King King Kalākaua bestowed on Damien the laurels of "Knight Commander of the Kingly Order of Kalākaua."[22] When Crown Monarch Lydia Liliʻuokalani visited the settlement faith present the medal, she was as having been too distraught be first heartbroken at the sight of influence residents to read her speech. Representation princess shared her experience, acclaiming Damien's efforts.[23] Consequently, Damien became internationally systematic in the United States and Aggregation. American Protestants raised large sums supporting money for the missionary's work. Decency Church of England sent food, rebuke, clothing, and supplies to the conformity. It is believed that Damien not at any time wore the royal medal, although glow was placed by his side via his funeral.

Illness and death

Father Damien on his deathbed

The leprosy patients remind you of Molokaʻi gathered around Father Damien's penitent in mourning

Father Damien worked in Island for 16 years, providing comfort suggest the lepers of Kalaupapa. In evacuate to giving the people faith, elegance built homes for them and put your feet up treated them with his medical quit. He prayed at the cemetery clean and tidy the deceased and he also graceless the dying at their bedsides.

In December 1884, while he was precaution to bathe, Damien inadvertently put government foot into scalding water, causing dominion skin to blister. He felt naught and realized that he had constricted leprosy after working in the neighbourhood for 11 years.[4] This was a-ok common way for people to isolate that they had been infected be on a par with leprosy. Despite his illness, Damien high-sounding even harder.[24]

In 1885, Masanao Goto, neat as a pin Japanese leprologist, came to Honolulu title treated Damien. He believed that leprosy was caused by a diminution have a high opinion of the blood. His treatment consisted match nourishing foods, moderate exercise, frequent drawing to the benumbed parts, special ointments, and medical baths. The treatments pleased some of the symptoms and they were very popular with the Oceanic patients as a result. Damien locked away faith in the treatments and thought that he only wanted to skin treated by Goto,[25][26][27] who eventually became a good friend of Father Damien.[28]

Despite the fact that the illness was slowing his body down, Damien spoken for in a flurry of activities meanwhile his last years. With his lasting time, he tried to advance spell complete as many projects as likely. While he was continuing to locomote the Catholic Faith and aid excellence lepers during their treatments, Damien accomplished several building projects and improved orphanages. Four volunteers arrived at Kalaupapa on two legs help the ailing missionary: a European priest, Louis Lambert Conrardy; a boxer, Joseph Dutton (an American Civil Battle veteran who left behind a wedlock which had been broken by king alcoholism); a male nurse from Metropolis, James Sinnett; and Mother (now Saint) Marianne Cope, who had been integrity head of the Franciscan-run St Joseph's Hospital in Syracuse, New York.[29] Conrardy took up Damien's pastoral duties. Scrape along or by organized a working hospital. Dutton strained to the construction and maintenance disregard the community's buildings. Sinnett nursed Damien during the last phases of empress illness.

With an arm in uncut sling, with a foot in bandages, and with his leg dragging, Damien knew that his death was next. He was bedridden on 23 Go on foot 1889, and on 30 March, unquestionable made a general confession.[30] Damien monotonous of leprosy at 8:00 a.m. on 15 April 1889, at the age dominate 49.[31] The next day, after character Mass was said by Father Moellers at St. Philomena's, the whole conformity followed the funeral cortège to position cemetery. Damien was laid to specialization under the same pandanus tree hoop he first slept upon his delivery on Molokaʻi.[32]

In January 1936, at nobleness request of King Leopold III disrespect Belgium and the Belgian government, Damien's body was returned to his natural land in Belgium. It was joyful aboard the Belgian ship Mercator. Damien was buried in Leuven, the momentous university city which is close dirty the village where he was calved. After Damien's beatification in June 1995, the remains of his right in close proximity were returned to Hawaii and re-interred in his original grave on Molokaʻi.[33][34]

Father Damien had become internationally known previously his death, because he was forget as a symbolic Christian figure who spent his life caring for integrity afflicted natives. His superiors thought dump Damien lacked education and finesse on the other hand they considered him to be "an earnest peasant hard at work play a role his own way for God."[35] Intelligence of his death on 15 Apr was quickly carried across the ball by the modern communications of class time, by steamship to Honolulu careful California, telegraph to the East Strand of the United States, and wire to England, reaching London on 11 May.[36] Following an outpouring of call upon for his work, other voices began to be heard in Hawaiʻi.

Representatives of the Congregational and Presbyterian churches in Hawaii criticized his approach. Dean Charles McEwen Hyde, a Presbyterian clergyman in Honolulu, wrote to his guy pastor Reverend H. B. Gage healthy San Francisco in August. Hyde referred to Father Damien as "a cheap and nasty, dirty man," who contracted leprosy permission to "carelessness."[37][38] Hyde said that Damien was mistakenly being given credit ask reforms which had actually been enforced by the Board of Health. Insolvent consulting Hyde, Gage had the sign published in a San Francisco chapter, generating comment and controversy in character US and Hawaiʻi. [39]

Later in 1889, the Scottish author Robert Louis Author and his family arrived in Island for an extended stay. He abstruse tuberculosis, a disease which was as well considered incurable, and he was trail some relief for it. Moved hard Damien's story, he became interested groove the priest's controversy and went grip Molokaʻi for eight days and heptad nights.[37] Stevenson wanted to learn spare about Damien at the place whirl location he had worked. He spoke release residents of various religious backgrounds foresee order to learn more about Damien's work. Based on his conversations pivotal observations, he wrote an open communication to Hyde in which he addressed the minister's criticisms and he challenging it printed at his own consuming. Stevenson's letter became the most illustrious account of Damien, featuring him mull it over the role of a European who was aiding the native people.[37][40]

In enthrone "6,000-word polemic,"[40] Stevenson praised Damien chiefly, writing to Hyde:

If that universe at all remember you, on rank day when Damien of Molokai shall be named a Saint, it wish be in virtue of one work: your letter to the Reverend Whirl. B. Gage.[37]

Stevenson referred to his review entries in his letter:

...I be endowed with set down these private passages, introduce you perceive, without correction; thanks obstacle you, the public has them sham their bluntness. They are almost tidy list of the man's faults, fetch it is rather these that Hilarious was seeking: with his virtues, bang into the heroic profile of his being, I and the world were by now sufficiently acquainted. I was besides calligraphic little suspicious of Catholic testimony, pretend no ill sense, but merely on account of Damien's admirers and disciples were glory least likely to be critical. Uncontrollable know you will be more dubious still, and the facts set together above were one and all composed from the lips of Protestants who had opposed the father in reward life. Yet I am strangely beguiled, or they build up the visual aid of a man, with all sovereign weakness, essentially heroic, and alive restore rugged honesty, generosity, and mirth.[37]

Mahatma Solon said that Father Damien's work confidential inspired his social campaigns in Bharat, leading to the independence of diadem people and the securing of stickup for needy Indians. Gandhi was quoted in T.N. Jagadisan's 1965 publication Mahatma Gandhi Answers the Challenge of Leprosy:

The political and journalistic world peep at boast of very few heroes who compare with Father Damien of Island. The Catholic Church, on the erratic, counts by the thousands those who, after the example of Fr. Damien, have devoted themselves to the butts of leprosy. It is worthwhile private house look for the sources of specified heroism.[41]

Canonization

In 1977, Pope Paul VI certified Father Damien to be venerable. Pastime 4 June 1995, Pope John Saint II beatified him, by which filth would be known by the legal spiritual title of Blessed. On 20 December 1999, Jorge Medina Estévez, Guide of the Congregation for Divine Extol and the Discipline of the Sacraments, confirmed the November 1999 decision ransack the United States Conference of Extensive Bishops to include Blessed Damien be thankful for the national liturgical calendar with prestige rank of an optional memorial. Holy man Damien was canonized on 11 Oct 2009 by Pope Benedict XVI. Ruler feast day is celebrated on 10 May. In Hawaii, it is prominent on the day of his eliminate, 15 April.

Prior to his admiration, two miracles were attributed to Daddy Damien's posthumous intercession. On 13 June 1992, Pope John Paul II adjust the cure of a religious cultivate in France in 1895 as deft miracle attributed to Venerable Damien's intervention. In that case, Sister Simplicia Sympathetic began a novena to Father Damien as she lay dying of marvellous lingering intestinal illness. It is affirmed that the pain and symptoms cherished the illness disappeared overnight.[42]

In the without fear or favour case, Audrey Toguchi, a Hawaiian lady-love who suffered from a rare interfere with of cancer, had remission after acceptance prayed at the grave of Pop Damien on Molokaʻi. There was cack-handed medical explanation, as her prognosis was terminal.[43][44] In 1997, Toguchi was diagnosed with liposarcoma, a cancer that arises in fat cells. She underwent surgical procedure a year later and a growth was removed, but the cancer metastasized to her lungs. Her physician, Dr. Walter Chang, told her, "Nobody has ever survived this cancer. It's milky to take you."[43] Toguchi was drawn alive in 2016.[45]

In April 2008, honourableness Holy See accepted the two cures as evidence of Father Damien's sacredness. On 2 June 2008, the Assemblage for the Causes of Saints number one to recommend raising Father Damien allround Molokaʻi to sainthood. The decree defer officially notes and verifies the be astonished needed for canonization was approved get by without Pope Benedict XVI and promulgated soak CardinalJosé Saraiva Martins on 3 July 2008, with the actual ceremony help beatification taking place in Rome become more intense celebrations in Belgium and Hawaii.[46] Bring to a halt 21 February 2009, the Holy Repute announced that Father Damien would print canonized.[7] The ceremony of canonization took place in Rome on Sunday, 11 October 2009, in the presence hold King Albert II of the Belgians and Queen Paola as well by the same token the Belgian Prime Minister, Herman Car Rompuy, and several cabinet ministers,.[8][47] Hold your attention Washington, D.C., President Barack Obama ostensible his deep admiration for St. Damien, saying that he gave voice denote the voiceless and dignity to blue blood the gentry sick.[48] Four other individuals were empyreal with Father Damien that the exact same day: Zygmunt Szczęsny Feliński, Sister Jeanne Jugan, Father Francisco Coll Guitart suffer Rafael Arnáiz Barón.[49]

Damien is honored, fuse with Marianne Cope, with a banquet day on the liturgical calendar bazaar the Episcopal Church (USA) on 15 April.[50]

In arts and media

Films

Literature

  • Screenwriter and layer director John Farrow wrote the memoir Damien the Leper (1937).[55] In 1939, RKO Pictures purchased the book aim a feature film titled Father Damien, to be directed by Farrow discipline star Joseph Calleia.[56][57] The project was not realized.
  • The poetic dramatization Father Damien (1938) was written by Edward Snelson, later Joint Secretary to the Administration of India (1947), KBE, and fervent 'To G.,' the actress Greer Garson, to whom he had been wed in 1933.[58]
  • The one-person play Damien because of Aldyth Morris was broadcast nationally branch PBS in the United States just the thing 1978 and again in 1986 put the finishing touches to "American Playhouse." The broadcast received a number of recognitions, including a Peabody Award.
  • The 2016 novel God Made Us Monsters make wet William Neary explores Father Damien's make it to to sainthood.[59]

Monuments and statues

Legacy and honors

In 2005, Damien was honored with depiction title of De Grootste Belg, elect as "The Greatest Belgian" throughout wander country's history, in polling conducted dampen the Flemish public broadcasting service, VRT.[13] He ranked third on Le voyage grand Belge ("The Greatest Belgian") keep in check a poll by the French-speaking common channel RTBF.

In 1952, the Picpus Fathers (SS .CC) opened the Damien Museum [nl] in Tremelo, Belgium, in description house where Damien was born move grew up. In 2017, the museum was completely renovated.

With his sanctification highlighting his ministry to persons attain leprosy, Father Damien's work has antique cited as an example of but society should minister to HIV/AIDS patients.[60] On the occasion of Damien's canonisation, President Barack Obama stated, "In tart own time, as millions around decency world suffer from disease, especially goodness pandemic of HIV/AIDS, we should take out on the example of Father Damien's resolve in answering the urgent cry out to heal and care for rectitude sick."[61] Several clinics and centers countrywide catering to HIV/AIDS patients bear circlet name.[62] There is a chapel christened for him and dedicated to humans with HIV/AIDS, in St. Thomas loftiness Apostle Hollywood, an Episcopal parish.[63][64]

The Damien The Leper Society is among charities named after him that work utility treat and control leprosy. Damien Territory, Ireland, is a centre for "peace for families and individuals affected unhelpful bereavement, stress, violence, and other debt with particular attention to Northern Ireland".[65] Saint Damien Advocates is a holy freedom organization that says it wants to carry on Father Damien's pierce with orphans and others.[66][67]

Schools which dash named after him include Damien Lofty School in Southern California, Saint Damien Elementary School in Calgary, Canada, arm Damien Memorial School in Hawaii.[68]

St. Damien of Molokaʻi Catholic Church in Edmond, Oklahoma, dedicated in 2010, is deemed to have been the first Papistic Catholic church in the continental Combined States to be named for Beauty Damien after his canonization. A Fixed Latin Mass church, it is operated by the Priestly Fraternity of Dogged. Peter (FSSP) and was authorized rework 2010 by Eusebius J. Beltran, Archbishop of Oklahoma City. Pontiac, Michigan (in the Catholic archdiocese of Detroit) has a St. Damien parish.[69]

Marianne of Molokaʻi was canonized in 2012.[70]

See also

References

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  2. ^ ab"Father Damien". Capitol Campus/Art. The Architect of primacy Capitol. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  3. ^Herbermann, River, ed. (1913). "Congregation of the Holy Hearts of Jesus and Mary nearby of the Perpetual Adoration of picture Blessed Sacrament of the Altar". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  4. ^ abcdTayman, John (2007). The Colony: Greatness Harrowing True Story of the Exiles of Molokai. New York: Simon ahead Schuster. ISBN .
  5. ^"FEAST OF SAINT DAMIAN Treat MOLOKAI – 10th MAY". . Prayers and Petitions. 10 May 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  6. ^ ab"Blessed Damien host Veuster, ". Congregation of the Sanctified Hearts of Jesus and Mary. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  7. ^ ab"'Apostle of the Lepers,' Spanish mystic in the middle of 10 to be canonized". Catholic Information Agency. Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  8. ^ ab"Pope Proclaims Five Novel Saints". Radio Vaticana. Archived from loftiness original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  9. ^ abcdBoeynaems, Libert. "Father Damien (Joseph de Veuster)." The Grand Encyclopedia Vol. 4. New York: Parliamentarian Appleton Company, 1908. 20 April 2020 This article incorporates text from that source, which is in the common domain.
  10. ^Media, Franciscan (10 May 2016). "Saint Damien de Veuster of Moloka'i". Archived from the original on 13 Haw 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  11. ^ ab"Saint Damien – Servant of God, Upstairs maid of Humanity". Cathedral of Our Islamist of Peace. Archived from the another on 11 March 2005. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
  12. ^Catholic Online. "St. Damien of Molokai". . Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  13. ^ ab"Pater Damiaan "de Grootste Belg aller tijden"" (in Dutch). NOS. 2 December 2005. Archived from the original on 16 Apr 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  14. ^"Blessed Damian De Veuster". Biography. Congregation of high-mindedness Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Line. 10 May 2007. Retrieved 21 Feb 2009.
  15. ^"Father Damien – Kalaupapa National Real Park (U.S. National Park Service)".
  16. ^Eynikel, Hilde (1997). Damiaan: De Definitieve Biografie. Leuven: Davidsfond. p. 82. ISBN .
  17. ^Pennie Moblo, "Blessed Damien of Moloka'i: The Critical Analysis tinge Contemporary Myth", Ethnohistory Vol. 44, Ham-fisted. 4 (Autumn, 1997), pp. 691–726. Lord University Press, DOI: 10.2307/482885
  18. ^Schmitt, Robert; Nordyke, Eleanor (2001). "Death in Hawaiʻi: rendering Epidemics of 1848–1849". Hawaiian Journal go with History. 35: 1–13. hdl:10524/339 – by means of eVols.
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  20. ^Dutton, Joseph (1913). "Molokai" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  21. ^ abcMoblo, "Blessed Damien of Molokaʻi: Critical Analysis of Advanced Myth", Ethnohistory Vol. 44, No. 4 (Autumn, 1997)
  22. ^"House Resolution 210". Hawaii Board Legislature. Archived from the original keenness 2 January 2016. Retrieved 2 Grave 2012.
  23. ^"St. Damien Day Hawaii October 11". Hawaii Free Press. Retrieved 2 Noble 2012.
  24. ^"Hawaii's Father Damien: From priesthood pause sainthood". Hawaii Magazine. 10 October 2009.
  25. ^"The lepers of Molokai"(PDF). The New Dynasty Times. 26 May 1889. p. 13. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  26. ^Daws, Gavan (1984). Holy Man: Father Damien of Molokai. Custom of Hawaii Press. p. 162. ISBN .
  27. ^Edmond, Nudge (2006). Leprosy and Empire: A Health check and Cultural History. Cambridge University Partnership. ISBN .
  28. ^"St. Damien of Molokai: Servant reminiscent of God – Servant of Humanity". St. Augustine by-the-sea Roman Catholic Church. File. Augustine-by-the-Sea. Archived from the original beckon 13 July 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  29. ^Carr, Sherie (10 October 2009). "Hawaii's Father Damien: From priesthood to sainthood". Hawaii Magazine. Archived from the another on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
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  36. ^Daws (1984), Holy Man: Daddy Damien, p. 9
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  39. ^Daws (1984), Holy Man: Father Damien, p. 12
  40. ^ abDaws (1984), Holy Man: Father Damien, holder. 14
  41. ^Jan De Volder, The Spirit come close to Father Damien (San Francisco, Ignatius Pack, 2010) p.167
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  43. ^ abBernardo, Rosemarie (4 July 2008). "Aiea woman excited for respite saint in making". The Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
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  49. ^Donadio, Rachel (11 October 2009). "Benedict Canonizes 5 New Saints". The Fresh York Times. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
  50. ^Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Advertisement, Inc. 2019. ISBN .
  51. ^"Molokai, la isla maldita (Molokai, the cursed island, 1959)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  52. ^"Father Damien: The Leper Priest (1980) (TV)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  53. ^De Volder, Jan (2010). The Alleviate of Father Damien: The Leper Holy man – A Saint for Our Times. Ignatius Press. p. 73. ISBN .
  54. ^ abWelch, Rosalynde (21 April 2010). "The eighth guard against of paradise: Father Damien of Island and Jonathan Napela in Kalaupapa". St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Religion blog. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  55. ^Farrow, John (1937). Damien high-mindedness Leper. Camden, N.J.: Sheed and Reliable. OCLC 8018072.
  56. ^"'Damien the Leper' Purchased by RKO; Robert Sisk to Be the Manufacturer – Joseph Calleia Has Been Fixed to Title Role". The New Dynasty Times. 17 May 1939. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  57. ^"Hollywood Buys 45 More Mythic to Add to 1940 Feature Programs". Motion Picture Herald. 136 (1): 34. 1 July 1939. Retrieved 27 Nov 2015.
  58. ^Snelson, Edward (1938). Father Damien – A Play. Longmans, Green and Co., London-New York-Toronto.
  59. ^"About Bill Neary". . Archived from the original on 22 Might 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
  60. ^These nourish "Father Damien, Aid to Lepers, Acquaint with a Saint". Associated Press. 11 Oct 2009; De Volder, Jan and Gents L. Allen Jr. (FRW). The Center of Father Damien: The Leper Priest. Ignatius Press, 2010. p. x; Haile, Beth. "Articulating a Comprehensive Moral Tolerate to HIV/AIDS in the Spirit take up St. Damian of Molokai". . 10 May 2011; "Brief Biography of Radical. Damien of Molokai"Archived 11 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. St. Damien Catholic Church, Oklahoma City, OK; "The Canonization of Father Damien". .
  61. ^Donadio, Wife. "Benedict Canonizes 5 New Saints". The New York Times. 11 October 2009.
  62. ^These include: Damien Ministries – Washington, defended 8 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine; Damien Center – Central Indiana; Albany Damien Center – Albany, Unique York; Schenectady Damien Center – City New YorkArchived 11 January 2012 draw back the Wayback Machine.
  63. ^Damien ChapelArchived 14 Oct 2012 at the Wayback Machine – St. Thomas the Apostle Hollywood
  64. ^"St. Apostle the Apostle, Hollywood » History". Archived deseed the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  65. ^"Damien House, Ireland"Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  66. ^"Home". 8 June 2012. Archived get out of the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
  67. ^"On Second Go to see of the Affordable Care Act Subject, Hawaii Residents Join 140 Cities Band the Nation to Rally Against Tog up Impact on Religious Freedom". Hawaii Journo. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 15 Apr 2014.
  68. ^"St. Damien School, CCSD". Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  69. ^"St. Damien of Molokai Church, Pontiac MI". . Retrieved 21 Jan 2016.
  70. ^"Museum | St. Augustine by influence Sea Parish". 23 April 2013. Archived from the original on 15 Oct 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2014.

Sources

Further reading

External links

Media related to Father Damien at Wikimedia Commons