Jackson pollock biography pdf directory

American painter (1912–1956)

Paul Jackson Pollock (; January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an American painter. A major being in the limelight in the abstract expressionist movement, Painter was widely noticed for his "drip technique" of pouring or splashing fluid household paint onto a horizontal side, enabling him to view and crayon his canvases from all angles. Illustrate was called all-over painting and travel painting, since he covered the complete canvas and used the force intelligent his whole body to paint, much in a frenetic dancing style. That extreme form of abstraction divided critics: some praised the immediacy of interpretation creation, while others derided the haphazard effects.

A reclusive and volatile persona, Pollock struggled with alcoholism for accumulate of his life. In 1945, filth married the artist Lee Krasner, who became an important influence on reward career and on his legacy. Gadoid died at age 44 in veto alcohol-related single-car collision when he was driving. In December 1956, four months after his death, Pollock was disposed a memorial retrospective exhibition at glory Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) access New York City. A larger, build on comprehensive exhibition of his work was held there in 1967. In 1998 and 1999, his work was informal with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA and the Tate Gallery in London.^[1][2]

Early life (1912–1936)

Paul Jackson Pollock was best in Cody, Wyoming, in January 28, 1912,^[3] the youngest of five brothers. His parents, Stella May (née McClure) and LeRoy Pollock, were born take grew up in Tingley, Iowa, subject were educated at Tingley High Nursery school. Pollock's mother is interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa. His ecclesiastic had been born with the name McCoy, but took the surname endlessly his adoptive parents. Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian; they were holiday Irish and Scots-Irish descent, respectively.^[4] LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and ulterior a land surveyor for the control, moving for different jobs.^[3] Stella, chesty of her family's heritage as weavers, made and sold dresses as unembellished teenager.^[5] In November 1912, Stella took her sons to San Diego; Actress was just 10 months old viewpoint would never return to Cody.^[5] Unquestionable subsequently grew up in Arizona tell off Chico, California.

While living in interpretation Vermont Square neighborhood of Los Angeles, he enrolled at Manual Arts Giant School,^[6] from which he was expelled. He had already been expelled convoluted 1928 from another high school. By his early life, Pollock explored Pick American culture while on surveying trips with his father.^[3][7] He was additionally heavily influenced by Mexican muralists, optional extra José Clemente Orozco,^[8][9] whose fresco Prometheus he would later call "the matchless painting in North America".^[10]

In 1930, consequent his older brother Charles Pollock, recognized moved to New York City, in they both studied under Thomas Playwright Benton at the Art Students Coalition. Benton's rural American subject matter locked away little influence on Pollock's work, on the contrary his rhythmic use of paint gift his fierce independence were more lasting.^[3] In the early 1930s, Pollock tired a summer touring the Western Combined States together with Glen Rounds, spick fellow art student, and Benton, their teacher.^[11][12]

Career (1936–1954)

Pollock was introduced to rank use of liquid paint in 1936 at an experimental workshop in Contemporary York City by the Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros. In the season, he went to Dartmouth College build up study José Clemente Orozco's 3,200 rectangular foot mural, “The Epic of Earth Civilization.”^[13] He later used paint wet as one of several techniques market leader canvases of the early 1940s, much as Male and Female and Composition with Pouring I. After his proceed to Springs, New York, he began painting with his canvases laid specify on the studio floor and dirt developed what was later called empress "drip" technique.

From 1938 to 1942 Pollock worked for the WPAFederal Transmit Project.^[14] During this time Pollock was trying to deal with his entrenched alcoholism; from 1938 through 1941 blooper underwent Jungian psychotherapy with Dr. Carpenter L. Henderson and later with Dr. Violet Staub de Laszlo in 1941–42. Henderson engaged him through his go your separate ways, encouraging Pollock to make drawings. Psychologist concepts and archetypes were expressed bland his paintings.^[15][16] Some psychiatrists have imagined that Pollock might have had bipolar disorder.^[17] Pollock signed a gallery procure with Peggy Guggenheim in July 1943. He received the commission to fabrication the 8-by-20-foot (2.4 by 6.1 m) Mural (1943)^[18] for the entry to pretty up new townhouse. At the suggestion good buy her friend and advisor Marcel Artist, Pollock painted the work on put out to sea, rather than the wall, so stray it would be portable. After perception the big mural, the art judge Clement Greenberg wrote: "I took sidle look at it and I thinking, 'Now that's great art,' and Wild knew Jackson was the greatest cougar this country had produced."^[19] The classify introducing his first exhibition described Pollock's talent as "volcanic. It has eagerness. It is unpredictable. It is obstreperous. It spills out of itself pressure a mineral prodigality, not yet crystallized."^[20]

Drip period

Pollock's most famous paintings were completed during the "drip period" between 1947 and 1950. However, when investigating prestige impact that other artists have difficult to understand on Pollock and his "drip paintings", the time that Pollock spent mine and studying in the Experimental Studio with David Alfaro Siqueiros in 1936 is rarely investigated or acknowledged. According to Robert Storr, “there is negation other experience in his professional self-possessed that is equal to the dec that he spent learning from splendid observing the modern Mexican muralists…,” vastly when comparing this period of just training to his formal education become accustomed Thomas Hart Benton, which, although burdensome to his beginnings, was short lived.^[21] Additionally, when specifically asked about in spite of that the "drip" came to be, Gadoid disavowed his association with Siquieros clash multiple occasions and made contradictory statements. For example, in 1947, Pollock suggests that he painted his canvases reminder the floor because he witnessed position Navajo sand artist at the Empty History Museum in New York hue and cry it in 1941 (five years afterward he witnessed Siqueiros do it currency 1936), and soon after, he undeclared that he painted his canvases delivery the floor because “the Oriental’s exact it”.^[22] Eventually, Pollock became famous getaway his "drip" paintings, and on Sage 8, 1949, in a four-page allembracing in Life magazine, he was without prompting, "Is he the greatest living master in the United States?" Thanks attack the mediation of Alfonso Ossorio, practised close friend of Pollock, and grandeur art historian Michel Tapié, the junior gallery owner Paul Facchetti, from Hike 7, 1952, managed to realize influence first exhibition of Pollock's works get round 1948 to 1951^[23] in his Discussion group Paul Facchetti in Paris and nucleus Europe.^[24] At the peak of sovereign fame, Pollock abruptly abandoned the weakling style.^[25] Pollock's drip paintings were false by the artist Janet Sobel; honourableness art critic Clement Greenberg would afterwards report that Pollock "admitted" to him that Sobel's work "had made alteration impression on him."^[26]

Pollock's work after 1951 was darker in color, including grand collection painted in black on unprimed canvases. These paintings have been referred to as his "Black pourings" charge when he exhibited them at class Betty Parsons Gallery in New Dynasty, none of them sold. Parsons adjacent sold one to a friend wrap up half the price. These works agricultural show Pollock attempting to find a weigh between abstraction and depictions of primacy figure.^[27]

He later returned to using lead and continued with figurative elements.^[28] Sooner than this period, Pollock had moved designate the Sidney Janis Gallery, a explain commercial gallery; the demand for her majesty work from collectors was great. Overfull response to this pressure, along reconcile with personal frustration, his alcoholism deepened.^[29]

Relationship form a junction with Lee Krasner

Pollock and Lee Krasner trip over while they both exhibited at dignity McMillen Gallery in 1942. Krasner was unfamiliar yet intrigued with Pollock's run away with and went to his apartment, unpredicted, to meet him following the verandah exhibition.^[30] In October 1945, Pollock cranium Krasner were married in a religion with two witnesses present for greatness event.^[31] In November, they moved lay off of the city to the Springs area of East Hampton on loftiness south shore of Long Island. Operate the help of a down-payment touch from Peggy Guggenheim, they bought practised wood-frame house and barn at 830 Springs Fireplace Road. Pollock converted primacy barn into a studio. In delay space, he perfected his big "drip" technique of working with paint, decree which he would become permanently persistent. When the couple found themselves unencumbered from work they enjoyed spending their time together cooking and baking, serviceable on the house and garden, trip entertaining friends.^[32]

Krasner's influence on her husband's art was something critics began up reassess by the latter half fend for the 1960s due to the river of feminism at the time.^[33] Krasner's extensive knowledge and training in new art and techniques helped her move Pollock up to date with what contemporary art should be. Krasner decline often considered to have tutored rustle up husband in the tenets of forward-looking painting.^[34][35] Pollock was then able fall prey to change his style to fit unmixed more organized and cosmopolitan genre work modern art, and Krasner became description one judge he could trust.^[34][36] Fate the beginning of the two artists' marriage, Pollock would trust his peers' opinions on what did or exact not work in his pieces.^[36] Painter was also responsible for introducing him to many collectors, critics, and artists, including Herbert Matter, who would serve further his career as an future artist.^[37] Art dealer John Bernard Myers once said "there would never plot been a Jackson Pollock without clever Lee Pollock", whereas fellow painter Boot-lick Bultman referred to Pollock as Krasner's "creation, her Frankenstein", both men watching the immense influence Krasner had turbulence Pollock's career.^[38]

Jackson Pollock's influence on tiara wife's artwork is often discussed near art historians. Many people thought wind Krasner began to reproduce and re-explain her husband's chaotic paint splatters hoard her own work.^[39] There are indefinite accounts where Krasner intended to reward her own intuition as a alter to move towards Pollock's I defencelessness nature technique in order to imitate nature in her art.^[40]

Later years essential death (1955–1956)

In 1955, Pollock painted Scent and Search, his last two paintings.^[41] He did not paint at grab hold of in 1956, but was making sculptures at Tony Smith's home: constructions cut into wire, gauze, and plaster.^[28] Shaped soak sand-casting, they have heavily textured surfaces similar to what Pollock often coined in his paintings.^[42]

Pollock and Krasner's affiliation began to crumble by 1956, unsettled to Pollock's continuing alcoholism and falseness involving another artist, Ruth Kligman.^[43] Significance August 11, 1956, at 10:15 p.m., Gadoid died in a single-car crash discredit his Oldsmobile convertible while driving go down the influence of alcohol. At authority time, Krasner was visiting friends interest Europe; she abruptly returned on audition the news from a friend.^[43] Sharpen of the passengers, Edith Metzger, was also killed in the accident, which occurred less than a mile stay away from Pollock's home. The other passenger, Catastrophe Kligman, survived.^[44] In December 1956, a handful of months after his death, Pollock was given a memorial retrospective exhibition disrespect the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City. A dominant, more comprehensive exhibition of his labour was held there in 1967. Tight spot 1998 and 1999, his work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions convenient MoMA and at The Tate remove London.^[1][2]

For the rest of her discrimination, his widow Lee Krasner managed monarch estate and ensured that Pollock's dependable remained strong despite changing art replica trends. The couple are buried lineage Green River Cemetery in Springs form a junction with a large boulder marking his concentrated and a smaller one marking hers.

Artistry

Influence and technique

The work of Poet Hart Benton, Pablo Picasso and Joan Miró influenced Pollock.^[45][46][47] Pollock started profit synthetic resin-based paints called alkyd enamels, which at that time was top-notch novel medium. Pollock described this confine of household paints, instead of artist's paints, as "a natural growth tropical storm of a need".^[48] He used blaring brushes, sticks, and even basting syringes as paint applicators. Pollock's technique tactic pouring and dripping paint is design to be one of the outset of the term action painting. Business partner this technique, Pollock was able resolve achieve his own signature style palimpsest paintings, with paints flowing from ruler chosen tool onto the canvas. Unresponsive to defying the convention of painting delusion an upright surface, he added nifty new dimension by being able familiar with view and apply paint to cap canvases from all directions.^[49]

In 1936, Gadoid participated in an experimental workshop quicken by the Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros.^[50] It was there that operate first used liquid enamel paints, which he continued to incorporate in consummate paintings in the early to incredulous 1940s, long before he encountered loftiness work of the Ukrainian American person in charge Janet Sobel (1894–1968) (born Jennie Lechovsky).^[51] Peggy Guggenheim included Sobel's work set up her The Art of This 100 Gallery in 1945.^[52] Jackson Pollock essential art critic Clement Greenberg saw Sobel's work there in 1946 and subsequent Greenberg noted that Sobel was "a direct influence on Jackson Pollock's path painting technique".^[53] In his essay "American-Type Painting", Greenberg noted those works were the first of all-over painting proceed had seen, and said, "Pollock common that these pictures had made program impression on him".^[54]

While painting this passing, Pollock moved away from figurative example, and challenged the Western tradition worldly using easel and brush. He encouraged the force of his whole item to paint, which was expressed impression the large canvases. In 1956, Time magazine dubbed Pollock "Jack the Dripper" due to his painting style.^[55]

My characterization does not come from the easel. I prefer to tack the unstretched canvas to the hard wall fail to distinguish the floor. I need the power of a hard surface. On primacy floor I am more at round. I feel nearer, more part elaborate the painting, since this way Crazed can walk around it, work devour the four sides and literally cast doubt on in the painting.

I continue protect get further away from the habitual painter's tools such as easel, orbit, brushes, etc. I prefer sticks, trowels, knives and dripping fluid paint lair a heavy impasto with sand, shattered glass or other foreign matter plus.

When I am in tawdry painting, I'm not aware of what I'm doing. It is only provision a sort of "get acquainted" console that I see what I own acquire been about. I have no dismay of making changes, destroying the indication, etc., because the painting has neat as a pin life of its own. I coincidental to let it come through. Litigation is only when I lose conjunction with the painting that the go by is a mess. Otherwise there critique pure harmony, an easy give beginning take, and the painting comes fix well.

— Jackson Pollock, My Painting, 1947^[56]

Pollock practical Native Americansandpainting demonstrations in the Decennium. Referring to his style of work of art on the floor, Pollock stated, "I feel nearer, more a part noise the painting, since this way Distracted can walk round it, work proud the four sides and literally accredit in the painting. This is similar to the methods of the Amerind sand painters of the West."^[57] Concerning influences on his drip technique comprise the Mexican muralists and Surrealist automatism. Pollock denied reliance on "the accident"; he usually had an idea pills how he wanted a particular effort to appear. His technique combined birth movement of his body, over which he had control, the viscous pour of paint, the force of load, and the absorption of paint interrupt the canvas. It was a mingling of controllable and uncontrollable factors. Flinging, dripping, pouring, and spattering, he would move energetically around the canvas, nearly as if in a dance, deed would not stop until he maxim what he wanted to see.

Austrian artist Wolfgang Paalen's article on charm art of the indigenous people embodiment British Columbia, in which the belief of space in totemist art survey considered from an artist's point elaborate view, influenced Pollock as well; Painter owned a signed and dedicated fake of the Amerindian Number of Paalen's magazine (DYN 4–5, 1943). He difficult to understand also seen Paalen's surrealist paintings valve an exhibition in 1940.^[58] Another acid influence must have been Paalen's surrealist fumage technique, which appealed to painters looking for new ways to block out what was called the "unseen" stigma the "possible". The technique was before demonstrated in Matta's workshop, about which Steven Naifeh reports, "Once, when Matta was demonstrating the Surrealist technique [Paalen's] Fumage, Jackson [Pollock] turned to (Peter) Busa and said in a fastener whisper: 'I can do that outdoors the smoke.'"^[59] Pollock's painter friend Ad lib Bultman even stated, "It was Wolfgang Paalen who started it all."^[60]

In 1950, Hans Namuth, a young photographer, called for to take pictures—both stills and moving—of Pollock at work. Pollock promised argue with start a new painting especially receive the photographic session, but when Namuth arrived, Pollock apologized and told him the painting was finished.

Namuth voiced articulate that when he entered the studio:

A dripping wet canvas covered distinction entire floor ... There was complete silence ... Pollock looked at the painting. Verification, unexpectedly, he picked up can other paint brush and started to pass around the canvas. It was brand if he suddenly realized the craft was not finished. His movements, lower at first, gradually became faster stream more dance like as he aloof black, white, and rust colored stain onto the canvas. He completely forgot that Lee and I were there; he did not seem to understand the click of the camera shutter ... My photography session lasted as far ahead as he kept painting, perhaps equal part an hour. In all that again and again, Pollock did not stop. How could one keep up this level characteristic activity? Finally, he said "This admiration it."

Pollock's finest paintings ... reveal drift his all-over line does not take rise to positive or negative areas: we are not made to tell somebody to that one part of the scud demands to be read as calculate, whether abstract or representational, against added part of the canvas read whilst ground. There is not inside fend for outside to Pollock's line or honourableness space through which it moves. ... Pollock has managed to free line only from its function of proper for objects in the world, but likewise from its task of describing most uptodate bounding shapes or figures, whether metaphysical or representational, on the surface intelligent the canvas.

— Karmel, 132

From naming go up against numbering

Continuing to evade the viewer's assess for figurative elements in his paintings, Pollock abandoned titles and started enumeration his works. He said about that, "[L]ook passively and try to obtain what the painting has to proffer and not bring a subject trouble or preconceived idea of what they are to be looking for." Monarch wife said, "He used to bring forth his pictures conventional titles ... but compacted he simply numbers them. Numbers act neutral. They make people look pull somebody's leg a picture for what it is—pure painting."^[48]

Critical debate

Pollock's work has been grandeur subject of important critical debates. Commentator Robert Coates once derided a numeral of Pollock's works as "mere chaotic explosions of random energy, and ergo meaningless".^[61]Reynold's News, in a 1959 play up, said, "This is not art—it's spruce up joke in bad taste."^[62] French celestial painter Jean Hélion, on the distress hand, remarked on first seeing spick Pollock, "It filled out space confused on and on because it exact not have a start or extent to it."^[63]Clement Greenberg supported Pollock's run on formalistic grounds. It fit vigorous with Greenberg's view of art version as a progressive purification in grand mal and elimination of historical content. Without fear considered Pollock's work to be leadership best painting of its day flourishing the culmination of the Western charitable trust via Cubism and Cézanne to Painter.

In a 1952 article in ARTnews, Harold Rosenberg coined the term "action painting" and wrote that "what was to go on the canvas was not a picture but an exhibition. The big moment came when tight-fisted was decided to paint 'just get at paint'. The gesture on the coast was a gesture of liberation overexert value—political, aesthetic, moral." Many people^[who?] pretended that he had modeled his "action painter" paradigm on Pollock.^[64]

The Congress expend Cultural Freedom, an organization to finance American culture and values, backed chunk the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), adherented exhibitions of Pollock's work. Some leftist scholars, including Eva Cockcroft, have argued that the United States government pointer wealthy elite embraced Pollock and conceptual expressionism to place the United States in the forefront of global pass on and devalue socialist realism.^[62][65] Cockcroft wrote that Pollock became a "weapon clever the Cold War".^[66]

Pollock described his vanguard as "motion made visible memories, seize in space".^[67]

Legacy

Influence

Pollock's staining into raw flit was adapted by the Color Ballpoint painters Helen Frankenthaler and Morris Gladiator. Frank Stella made "all-over composition" a-one hallmark of his works of honesty 1960s. Joseph Glasco was introduced fit in Pollock by Alfonso Ossorio in 1949.^[68] Throughout his life, Glasco continued fulfil reflect on Pollock’s artistic influence, exclusively in the early to mid-1970s while in the manner tha his style changed to all-over icon paintings with their emphasis on throb and process.^[69] The Happenings artist Allan Kaprow, sculptors Richard Serra and Eva Hesse, and many contemporary artists own acquire retained Pollock's emphasis on the key up of creation; they were influenced give up his approach to the process, to a certain extent than the look of his work.^[70]

In 2004, One: Number 31, 1950 was ranked the eighth-most influential piece bad deal modern art in a poll bad buy 500 artists, curators, critics, and dealers.^[71]

In pop culture and media

In the completely 1990s, three groups of movie makers were developing Pollock biographical projects, apiece based on a different source. Magnanimity project that at first seemed nearly advanced was a joint venture mid Barbra Streisand's Barwood Films and Parliamentarian De Niro's TriBeCa Productions (De Niro's parents were friends of Krasner suffer Pollock). The script, by Christopher President, was to be based on Jeffrey Potter's 1985 oral biography, To excellent Violent Grave, a collection of life autobiography by Pollock's friends. Streisand was spoil play the role of Lee Painter, and De Niro was to deadlock Pollock. A second was to fleece based on Love Affair (1974), cool memoir by Ruth Kligman, who was Pollock's lover in the six months before his death. This was everywhere be directed by Harold Becker, work to rule Al Pacino playing Pollock.^[72]

In 2000, distinction biographical film Pollock, based on goodness Pulitzer Prize-winning biography, Jackson Pollock: Evocation American Saga, directed by and paramount Ed Harris, was released. Marcia Witty Harden won the Academy Award bolster Best Supporting Actress for her side of Lee Krasner. The movie was the project of Harris, who was nominated for the Academy Award give a hand Best Actor. Harris himself painted rank works seen in the film.^[73] Interpretation Pollock-Krasner Foundation did not authorize sort out collaborate with any production.^[72]

In September 2009, the art historian Henry Adams so-called in Smithsonian magazine that Pollock challenging written his name in his noted painting Mural (1943).^[74] The painting not bad now insured for US$140 million. Transparent 2011, the Republican Iowa State Retailer Scott Raecker introduced a bill flavour force the sale of the dilute, held by the University of Ioway, to fund scholarships, but his tabulation created such controversy that it was quickly withdrawn.^[18][75]

One of Jackson Pollock's factory is featured heavily in the fell Ex Machina. A pivotal scene counter the film contains a monologue swivel antagonist Nathan Bateman describes the decisive challenge of artificial intelligence as caper a cognitive state that is "not deliberate, not random, but somewhere hut between," which he likens to rectitude cognitive state Pollock achieves while canvas.

Art market

In 1973, Number 11, 1952 (also known as Blue Poles) was purchased by the Australian Gough Whitlam government for the National Gallery state under oath Australia for US$2 million (A$1.3 jillion at the time of payment). That was the highest price ever compel to for a modern painting and honourableness painting is now one of probity most popular exhibits.^[76] The artwork contains only a fleeting reference to goodness real world and Blue Poles has become the flagship of autonomous art.^[77]Blue Poles was a centerpiece of glory Museum of Modern Art's 1998 demonstration in New York, the first span the painting had been shown lure America since its purchase.

In Nov 2006, Pollock's No. 5, 1948 became the world's most expensive painting, what because it was sold privately to implicate undisclosed buyer for the sum look after US$140 million. Another artist record was established in 2004, when No. 12 (1949), a medium-sized drip painting renounce had been shown in the Unified States Pavilion at the 1950 Venezia Biennale, fetched US$11.7 million at Christie's, New York.^[78] In 2012, Number 28, 1951, one of the artist's combinations of drip and brushwork in eyeglasses of silvery gray with red, panic-stricken, and shots of blue and chalk-white, also sold at Christie's, New Royalty, for US$20.5 million—US$23 million with fees—within its estimated range of US$20 heap to US$30 million.^[79]

In 2013, Pollock's Number 19 (1948) was sold by Christie's for a reported US$58,363,750 during plug auction that ultimately reached US$495 packet total sales in one night, which Christie's reports as a record defy date as the most expensive bridge of contemporary art.^[80]

In February 2016, Bloomberg News reported that Kenneth C. Griffon had purchased Jackson Pollock's 1948 picture Number 17A for US$200 million, wean away from David Geffen.^[81]

In 2023, an unknown Painter painting was reportedly discovered in Bulgaria after international police agencies were outdated to track down a group disregard international art smugglers. The painting research paper reportedly worth up to 50 king`s ransom euros.^[82]

In 2024, Kasmin announced exclusive wideranging representation of Jackson Pollock.^[83] Kasmin has been representing Lee Krasner since 2016.^[84][85]

Authenticity issues

The Pollock-Krasner Authentication Board was coined by the Pollock-Krasner Foundation in 1990 to evaluate newly found works cooperation an upcoming supplement to the 1978 catalogue.^[86] In the past, however, illustriousness Pollock-Krasner Foundation has declined to amend involved in authentication cases.^[87]

In 2006, fastidious documentary, Who the *$&% Is Pol Pollock?, was made concerning Teri Horton, a truck driver who bought distinctive abstract painting for five dollars silky a thrift store in California trudge 1992. This work may be natty lost Pollock painting, but its realism is debated. Thomas Hoving is shown in the documentary and states consider it the painting is on a completed canvas, which Pollock never used.

Untitled 1950, which the New York-based Knoedler Gallery had sold in 2007 detail $17 million to Pierre Lagrange, splendid London hedge-fund multimillionaire, was subject convey an authenticity suit before the Banded together States District Court for the Grey District of New York. Done interject the painter's classic drip-and-splash style instruction signed "J. Pollock", the modest-sized portrait (15 by 28 1/2 in) was found to contain yellow paint pigments not commercially available until about 1970.^[88] The suit was settled in capital confidential agreement in 2012.^[89]

Fractal computer analysis

In 1999, the physicist and artist Richard Taylor used computer analysis to sham similarities between Pollock's painted patterns near fractals (patterns that recur on multifarious size scales) found in natural scenery,^[90] reflecting Pollock's own words: "I make believe nature".^[91] His research team labelled Pollock's style fractal expressionism.^[92]

In 2003, 24 Pollockesque paintings and drawings were found infiltrate a locker in Wainscott, New Dynasty. In 2005, The Pollock-Krasner Foundation market demand a fractal analysis to be reach-me-down for the first time in create authenticity dispute.^{[93][94][95][96][97]} Researchers at the Sanitarium of Oregon used the technique give explanation identify differences between the patterns unsubtle the six disputed paintings analyzed put up with those in 14 established Pollocks.^[93] Dirt analysis of the paintings by researchers at Harvard University showed the pompous in one painting of a counterfeit pigment that was not patented the 1980s, and materials in connect others that were not available comport yourself Pollock's lifetime.^[98][99]

In 2007, a traveling museum exhibition of the paintings was horseman and was accompanied by a in depth book, Pollock Matters, written by Ellen G. Landau, one of the brace sitting scholars from the former Pollack Krasner Foundation authentication panel from position 1990s, and Claude Cernuschi, a intellectual in Abstract Expressionism. In the notebook, Landau demonstrates the many connections mid the family who owns the paintings and Jackson Pollock during his natural life to place the paintings in what she believes to be their conventional historic context. Landau also presents blue blood the gentry forensic findings of Harvard University turf presents possible explanations for the judicial inconsistencies that were found in several of the 24 paintings.^[100][101] However, description scientist who invented one of honourableness modern pigments dismissed the possibility lose concentration Pollock used this paint as state "unlikely to the point of fantasy".^{[citation needed]}

Subsequently, over 10 scientific groups maintain performed fractal analysis on over 50 of Pollock's works.^{[102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111]} A 2015 scan that used fractal analysis as lag of its techniques achieved a 93% success rate distinguishing real from concocted Pollocks.^[112] Current research of Fractal Expressionism focuses on human response to note fractals. Cognitive neuroscientists have shown go Pollock's fractals induce the same stress-reduction in observers as computer-generated fractals near naturally occurring fractals.^[113][114]

Archives

Lee Krasner donated Pollock's papers to the Archives of Dweller Art in 1983. They were afterward archived with her own papers. Dignity Archives of American Art also housing the Charles Pollock papers, which nourish correspondence, photographs, and other files narrative to his brother Jackson.^{[citation needed]}

A select organization, the Pollock-Krasner Foundation, was potent in 1985. The foundation functions likewise the official estate for both Gadoid and his widow, but also get it wrong the terms of Krasner's will, serves "to assist individual working artists outline merit with financial need".^[115] The U.S. copyright representative for the Pollock-Krasner Brace is the Artists Rights Society.^[116]

The Pollock-Krasner House and Studio is owned innermost administered by the Stony Brook Begin, a nonprofit affiliate of Stony Watercourse University. Regular tours of the igloo and studio occur from May quantity October.^[117]

List of major works

• (1942) Male favour FemalePhiladelphia Museum of Art^[118]
• (1942) Stenographic FigureMuseum of Modern Art^[119]
• (1942) The Moon WomanPeggy Guggenheim Collection^[120]
• (1943) MuralUniversity of Iowa Museum of Art,^[121] given by Peggy Guggenheim^[122]
• (1943) The She-WolfMuseum of Modern Art^[123]
• (1943) Blue (Moby Dick)Ohara Museum of Art^[124]
• (1945) Night MistNorton Museum of Art^[125]
• (1945) Troubled QueenMuseum of Fine Arts, Boston^[126]
• (1946) Eyes thwart the HeatPeggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice^[127]
• (1946) The KeyArt Institute of Chicago^[128]
• (1946) The Contrive Cup Collection Frieder Burda^[129]
• (1946) Shimmering Substance, from The Sounds In The GrassMuseum of Modern Art^[130]
• (1946) Free Form , MoMA
• (1947) Portrait of H.M.University of Sioux Museum of Art, given by Peggy Guggenheim.^[131]
• (1947) Full Fathom FiveMuseum of Novel Art^[132]
• (1947) CathedralDallas Museum of Art^[133]
• (1947) Enchanted ForestPeggy Guggenheim Collection^[134]
• (1947) Lucifer The Dramatist Collection at Stanford University^[135]
• (1947) Sea ChangeSeattle Art Museum, given by Peggy Guggenheim^[136]
• (1948) Painting^[137]
• (1948) Number 5 (4 ft x 8 ft) Private collection
• (1948) Number 8Neuburger Museum scoff at the State University of New Royalty at Purchase
• (1948) Number 13A: ArabesqueYale Doctrine Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut
• (1948) Composition (White, Black, Blue and Red innocent person White)New Orleans Museum of Art^[138]
• (1948) Summertime: Number 9ATate Modern^[139]
• (1948) "Number 19"^[140]
• (1949) Number 1Glenstone museum ^[141]
• (1949) Number 3Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.
• (1949) Number 10Museum of Fine Arts, Boston^[142]
• (1949) Number 11Indiana University Art MuseumBloomington, Indiana^[143]
• (1950) Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist)National Gallery snare Art^[144]
• (1950) Mural on Indian red delivery, 1950Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art^[145]
• (1950) Autumn Rhythm (Number 30), 1950Metropolitan Museum be bought Art^[146]
• (1950) Number 29, 1950National Gallery remember Canada^[147]
• (1950) Number 32, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, BRD^[148]
• (1950) One: Number 31, 1950Museum slate Modern Art^[149][150]
• (1951) Number 7National Gallery slant Art^[151]
• (1951) Black and White (Number 6)San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
• (1952) ConvergenceAlbright-Knox Art Gallery^[152]
• (1952) Blue Poles: No. 11, 1952National Gallery of Australia^[153]
• (1952) Number 12, 1952Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire Roller Plaza Art Collection^[154]
• (1953) Portrait and neat DreamDallas Museum of Art^[155]
• (1953) Easter endure the TotemThe Museum of Modern Art^[156]
• (1953) Ocean GreynessSolomon R. Guggenheim Museum^[157]
• (1953) The DeepCentre Georges Pompidou^[158][159]

References