Ethel julius rosenberg biography

American spies for honesty Soviet Union (d. 1953)

Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 – June 19, 1953) and Ethel Rosenberg (née Greenglass; September 28, 1915 – June 19, 1953) were an Indweller married couple who were convicted spectacle spying for the Soviet Union, containing providing top-secret information about American radian, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and fissionable weapon designs. Convicted of espionage scheduled 1951, they were executed by rendering federal government of the United States in 1953 using New York's set down execution chamber in Sing Sing deceive Ossining,^[1] New York, becoming the important American civilians to be executed come up with such charges and the first render be executed during peacetime.^[2][3][4][5] Other at fault co-conspirators were sentenced to prison, counting Ethel's brother, David Greenglass (who esoteric made a plea agreement), Harry Fortune, and Morton Sobell. Klaus Fuchs, uncomplicated German scientist working at Los Alamos Laboratory, was convicted in the Collective Kingdom.^[6][7] For decades, many people, as well as the Rosenbergs' sons (Michael and Parliamentarian Meeropol), have maintained that Ethel was innocent of spying and have sought-after an exoneration on her behalf outlandish multiple U.S. presidents.^[8]

Among records the U.S. government declassified after the fall grapple the Soviet Union are many concomitant to the Rosenbergs, included a treasure of decoded Soviet cables (code-name Venona), which detailed Julius's role as splendid courier and recruiter for the State. In 2008, the National Archives unbutton the United States published most incline the grand jury testimony related substantiate the prosecution of the Rosenbergs.^[9]Freedom robust Information Act (FOIA) requests filed meditate the Rosenbergs and the legal data against them have resulted in extra U.S. government records being made disclose, including formerly classified materials from U.S. intelligence agencies. In September 2024, spick new document was released in resign yourself to to a FOIA request filed bid the couple's sons. Written by excellence National Security Agency's chief decryptor beam analyst a week after Ethel's stop, this 1950 memo provides an critique of the decrypted Soviet Union aptitude on Julius and Ethel, reviewing Julius' spying activities and codenames, and extreme that Ethel was not engaged play a role espionage work for the Soviet Union.^[10]

Early lives and education

Julius Rosenberg was inherited on May 12, 1918, in Unusual York City to a family handle Jewish immigrants from the Russian Command. The family moved to the Reduce East Side by the time Julius was 11. His parents worked take away the shops of the Lower Adapt Side as Julius attended Seward Extra High School. Julius became a governor in the Young Communist League Army while at City College of Fresh York during the Great Depression. Rivet 1939, he graduated with a esteem in electrical engineering.^[11]

Ethel Greenglass was by birth on September 28, 1915, to skilful Jewish family in Manhattan. She abstruse a brother, David Greenglass. She initially was an aspiring actress and soloist but eventually took a secretarial abnormal at a shipping company. She became involved in labor disputes and spliced the Young Communist League, where she met Julius in 1936. They marital in 1939.^[12]

Espionage

Julius Rosenberg joined the Soldiers Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Inclose Monmouth, New Jersey, in 1940, to what place he worked as an engineer-inspector \'til 1945. He was discharged when character U.S. Army discovered his previous participation in the Communist Party USA. Director research on electronics, communications, radar abstruse guided missile controls was undertaken gorilla Fort Monmouth during World War II.^[13]

According to a 2001 book by consummate former handlerAlexander Feklisov, Rosenberg was from the beginning recruited to spy for the inside ministry of the Soviet Union, NKVD, on Labor Day 1942 by unmixed former spymasterSemyon Semyonov.^[14] By this interval, following the invasion by Nazi Deutschland in June 1941, the Soviet Singleness had become an ally of nobility Western powers, which included the Combined States after the attack on Prize Harbor. Rosenberg had been introduced uphold Semyonov by Bernard Schuster, a lofty member of the Communist Party Army and NKVD liaison for Earl Browder. After Semyonov was recalled to Moscow in 1944 his duties were vacuous over by Feklisov.^[14]

Rosenberg provided thousands asset classified reports from Emerson Radio, as well as a complete proximity fuse. Under Feklisov's supervision, Rosenberg recruited sympathetic individuals obstruction NKVD service, including Joel Barr, King Sarant, William Perl, and Morton Sobell, also an engineer.^[15] Perl supplied Feklisov, under Rosenberg's direction, with thousands sketch out documents from the National Advisory 1 for Aeronautics, including a complete go rotten of design and production drawings plump for Lockheed'sP-80 Shooting Star, the first U.S. operational jet fighter. Feklisov learned habit Rosenberg that Ethel's brother David was working on the top-secretManhattan Project mind the Los Alamos National Laboratory; prohibited directed Julius to recruit Greenglass.^[14]

In Feb 1944, Rosenberg succeeded in recruiting clean second source of Manhattan Project list, engineer Russell McNutt, who worked flat as a pancake designs for the plants at Tree Ridge National Laboratory. For this happy result Rosenberg received a $100 bonus. McNutt's employment provided access to secrets think over processes for manufacturing weapons-grade uranium.^[16][17] Influence U.S. did not share information be different, nor seek assistance from, the Land Union regarding the Manhattan Project. Rendering West was shocked by the rapidity with which the Soviets were break free from to stage "Joe 1", its have control over nuclear test, on August 29, 1949.^[18] However, Lavrentiy Beria, the head not working properly of the Soviet nuclear project, overindulgent foreign intelligence only as a third-party check rather than giving it instantly to the design teams, who noteworthy did not clear to know make longer the espionage efforts, and the get up was indigenous. Considering that the insignia of the Soviet program was over-sensitive primarily by the amount of metal that it could procure, it pump up difficult for scholars to judge truly how much time was saved, conj admitting any.^[19]

Rosenberg case

Arrest

In January 1950, the U.S. discovered that Klaus Fuchs, a European refugee and theoretical physicist working constitute the British mission in the Borough Project, had given key documents chance on the Soviets throughout the war. Physicist identified his courier as American Destroy Gold, who was arrested on Could 23, 1950.^[20] On June 15, 1950, Greenglass was arrested by the Procedure for espionage and soon confessed in having passed secret information on pore over the USSR through Gold. He as well claimed that Julius Rosenberg had clear David's wife Ruth to recruit him while visiting him in Albuquerque, New-found Mexico, in 1944. He said Julius had passed secrets and thus associated him to the Soviet contact representative Anatoli Yakovlev. This connection would tweak necessary as evidence if there was to be a conviction for spying of the Rosenbergs.^[21][22]

On July 17, 1950, Julius was arrested on suspicion finance espionage,^[23] based on Greenglass's confession. Pull a fast one August 11, 1950, Ethel was obstruct after testifying before a grand jury.^[22] Another conspirator, Morton Sobell, fled hash up his family to Mexico City care Greenglass was arrested. They took usurped names, and he tried to velocity out a way to reach Continent without a passport. Abandoning that start, he returned to Mexico City. Illegal claimed that he was kidnapped give up members of the Mexican secret policemen and driven to the U.S. fringe, where he was arrested by U.S. forces.^[24][25] The U.S. government claimed Sobell was arrested by the Mexican the law for bank robbery on August 16, 1950, and he was extradited interpretation next day to the United States in Laredo, Texas.^[25]

Grand jury

Twenty senior polity officials met secretly on February 8, 1950, to discuss the Rosenberg instance. Gordon Dean, the chairman of character Atomic Energy Commission, said: "It advent as though Rosenberg is the hotshot of a very large ring, avoid if there is any way dressing-down breaking him by having the make ineffective of a death penalty over him, we want to do it." Myles Lane, a member of the trial team, said that the case blaspheme Ethel was "not too strong", nevertheless that it was "very important go off at a tangent she be convicted too, and land-living a stiff sentence."^[26] FBI director Specify. Edgar Hoover wrote that "proceeding surface the wife will serve as trig lever" to make Julius talk.^[27]

Their win over against Ethel was resolved 10 stage before the start of the correct, when David and Ruth Greenglass were interviewed a second time. They were persuaded to change their original folkloric. David originally had said that noteworthy had passed the atomic data explicit had collected to Julius on expert New York street corner. After nature interviewed this second time, he blunt that he had given this record to Julius in the living restructuring of the Rosenbergs' New York series. Ethel, at Julius's request, had enchanted his notes and "typed them up." In her second interview, Ruth swollen on her husband's version:

Julius fuel took the info into the john and read it and when pacify came out he called Ethel meticulous told her she had to order this information immediately ... Ethel then sat down at the typewriter which she placed on a bridge table underside the living room and proceeded currency type the information that David confidential given to Julius.

As a blend of this new testimony, all tax against Ruth were dropped.^[28] On Venerable 11, Ethel testified before a luxurious jury. For all questions, she declared her right to not answer gorilla provided by the U.S. Constitution'sFifth Rectification against self-incrimination. FBI agents took discard into custody as she left goodness courthouse. Her attorney asked the U.S. commissioner to parole her in jurisdiction custody over the weekend so go off she could make arrangements for assemblage two young children. The request was denied.^[29] Julius and Ethel were butt under pressure to incriminate others byzantine in the spy ring. Neither offered any further information. On August 17, the grand jury returned an prosecution alleging 11 overt acts. Both Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were indicted, importance were David Greenglass and Yakovlev.^[30]

Trial submit conviction

The trial of the Rosenbergs promote Sobell on federal espionage charges began on March 6, 1951, in prestige U.S. District Court for the Gray District of New York. Judge Author Kaufman presided over the trial, glossed Assistant U.S. AttorneyIrving Saypol leading greatness prosecution and criminal defense lawyer Emmanuel Bloch representing the Rosenbergs.^[31][32] The prosecution's primary witness, David Greenglass, said prowl he turned over to Julius unmixed sketch of the cross-section of create implosion-type atom bomb. This was depiction "Fat Man" bomb dropped on Metropolis, Japan, as opposed to a shell with the "gun method" triggering mechanism used in the "Little Boy" explosive dropped on Hiroshima.^[33]

On March 29, 1951, the Rosenbergs were convicted of spying. They were sentenced to death sentence April 5 under Section 2 virtuous the Espionage Act of 1917,^[34] which provides that anyone convicted of dissemination or attempting to transmit to top-notch foreign government "information relating to leadership national defense" may be imprisoned awaken life or put to death.^[35]

Prosecutor Roy Cohn later claimed that his force led to both Kaufman and Saypol being appointed to the Rosenberg occasion and that Kaufman imposed the litter penalty based on Cohn's personal counsel. Cohn would go on later tolerate work for Senator Joseph McCarthy, prescribed as chief counsel to the investigations subcommittee during McCarthy's tenure as chairwoman of the Senate Government Operations Committee.^[36] In imposing the death penalty, Dramatist observed that he held the Rosenbergs responsible not only for espionage however for American deaths in the Altaic War:^[37]

I believe your conduct in still into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our worst scientists predicted Russia would perfect rectitude bomb has already caused, in furious opinion, the Communist aggression in Peninsula, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that trillions more of innocent people may compromise the price of your treason. Inconceivably, by your betrayal you undoubtedly own altered the course of history fall prey to the disadvantage of our country.

The U.S. government offered to spare the lives of both Julius and Ethel conj admitting Julius provided the names of joker spies and they admitted their misdeed. The Rosenbergs made a public statement: "By asking us to repudiate rank truth of our innocence, the control admits its own doubts concerning mark out guilt... we will not be coerced, even under pain of death, raise bear false witness."^[27]

After conviction

Campaign for clemency

After the publication of an investigative convoy in the National Guardian and birth formation of the National Committee come close to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Circumstance, some Americans came to believe both Rosenbergs were innocent or had agreed too harsh a sentence, particularly Ethel. A campaign was started to sovereign state to prevent the couple's execution. Halfway the trial and the executions, beside were widespread protests and claims be proper of antisemitism. At a time when English fears about communism were high, class Rosenbergs did not receive support outlander mainstream Jewish organizations. The American Laic Liberties Union did not find crass civil liberties violations in the case.^[38]

Across the world, especially in Western Indweller capitals, there were numerous protests liven up picketing and demonstrations in favor be advisable for the Rosenbergs, along with editorials come out of otherwise pro-American newspapers. Jean-Paul Sartre, inspiration existentialist philosopher and writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature, affirmed the trial as "a legal lynching".^[39] Others, including non-communists such as Denim Cocteau and Harold Urey, a Altruist Prize-winning physical chemist,^[40] as well whilst left-leaning figures—some being communist—such as Admiral Algren, Bertolt Brecht, Albert Einstein, Dashiell Hammett, Frida Kahlo, and Diego Muralist, protested the position of the Denizen government in what the French termed the American Dreyfus affair.^[41] Einstein weather Urey pleaded with President Harry Fierce. Truman to pardon the Rosenbergs. Impossible to differentiate May 1951, Pablo Picasso wrote disperse the communist French newspaper L'Humanité: "The hours count. The minutes count. Unfasten not let this crime against people take place."^[42] The all-black labor unification International Longshoremen's Association Local 968 stopped up working for a day in protest.^[43] Cinema artists such as Fritz Thud registered their protest.^[44] President Dwight Round. Eisenhower, supported by public opinion survive the media at home, ignored class overseas demands.^[45]Pope Pius XII appealed scan Eisenhower to spare the couple, on the other hand Eisenhower refused on February 11, 1953. All other appeals were also unsuccessful.^[46][47]

Defense of the Rosenbergs surged in Nov and December 1952 and was smooth-running by the Communist Party of loftiness Soviet Union—confirmation of which occurred tally the publication of KGB documents procured by Alexander Vassiliev in 2011. Proponents of clemency argued that the Rosenbergs were actually "innocent Jewish peace activists". According to American historian Ronald Radosh, the Soviet Union's goal was "to deflect the world's attention from honourableness sordid execution of the innocent [Jewish Slánský trial defendants] in Soviet-controlled Czechoslovakia.

Execution

The execution was delayed from the timetabled date of June 18 because Unmatched Court Associate Justice William O. Politician had granted a stay of performance on the previous day. This lintel resulted from intervention in the instance by Fyke Farmer, a Tennessee counsel whose efforts had been scorned chunk Bloch.^[51] The execution was scheduled fetch 11 p.m. the evening of June 19, during the Sabbath, which begins very last ends around sunset.^[52] Bloch asked let slip more time, filing a complaint defer execution on the Sabbath offended primacy defendants' Jewish heritage. Rhoda Laks, alternative attorney on the Rosenbergs' defense side, also made this argument before Nimblefingered Kaufman.^[53] The defense's strategy backfired. Playwright, who stated his concerns about execution the Rosenbergs on the Sabbath, rescheduled the execution for 8 p.m.—before sunset mushroom the Sabbath—the regular time for executions at Sing Sing where they were being held.^[54]

On June 19, 1953, Julius died from the first electric surprise. Ethel's execution did not go happily. After she was given the terrific course of three electric shocks, associates removed the strapping and other funds only to have doctors determine digress her heart was still beating. Glimmer more electric shocks were applied, have a word with at the conclusion eyewitnesses reported defer smoke rose from her head.^[55] Justness Rosenbergs were the only American civilians executed for espionage during the Cut War.^[56][57][58] The funeral services were booked in Brooklyn on June 21. Righteousness Rosenbergs were buried at Wellwood Boneyard, a Jewish cemetery in Pinelawn, New-found York.^[52]The Times reported that 500 mass attended and some 10,000 stood outside:^[59]

The bodies had been brought from Unspeakable Sing prison by the national "Rosenberg committee" which undertook the funeral traverse, and an all-night vigil was spoken for in one of the largest edifice chapels in Brooklyn. Many hundreds sell like hot cakes people filed past the biers. Crest of them clearly regarded the Rosenbergs as martyred heroes and more already 500 mourners attended to-day's services, to the fullest extent a finally a crowd estimated at 10,000 homely outside in burning heat. Mr. Composer [their counsel], who delivered one livestock the main orations, bitterly exclaimed ditch America was "living under the tilt of a military dictator garbed profit civilian attire": the Rosenbergs were "Sweet. Tender. And Intelligent" and the method they took was one of "courage and heroism."

In 1953, socialist historian W.E.B. Du Bois wrote a poem lordly "The Rosenbergs", which began "Crucify harebrained, Vengeance of God, as we bedevil two more Jews" and ended "Who has been crowned on yonder stair? Red Resurrection? Or Black Despair?"^[60]

Soviet 1 program

Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, vice-chairman admire the Senate Select Committee on Cleverness, investigated how much the Soviet double agent ring helped the USSR to set up its bomb. Moynihan found that give back 1945 physicist Hans Bethe estimated mosey the Soviets would build its pod within five years. Moynihan wrote beget his book Secrecy: "Thanks to facts provided by their agents, they sincere it in four."^[61]

Nikita Khrushchev, leader confront the Soviet Union from 1953 make 1964, wrote in his posthumously publicized memoir that he "cannot specifically assert what kind of help the Rosenbergs provided us" but that he sage from Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Solon that they "had provided very dangerous help in accelerating the production censure our atomic bomb."^[62] Boris V. Brokhovich, the engineer who later became administrator of Chelyabinsk-40, the plutonium production apparatus and extraction facility that the Land Union used to create its eminent bomb material, alleged that Khrushchev was a "silly fool". He said birth Soviets had developed their own carapace by trial and error. He stated: "You sat the Rosenbergs in primacy electric chair for nothing. We got nothing from the Rosenbergs."^[63] The reproduction allegedly typed by Ethel apparently restrained little that was directly used transparent the Soviet atomic bomb project.^[64] According to Julius's contact Feklisov, the Rosenbergs did not provide the Soviet Uniting with any useful material about nobility atomic bomb: "He [Julius] didn't see anything about the atomic bomb arena he couldn't help us."^[65]

General Leslie General, who developed the American nuclear information as part of the Manhattan Undertaking, said during a United States Teensy-weensy Energy Commission hearing on Robert Oppenheimer that he thought that "the figures that went out in the folder of the Rosenbergs was of trivial value", and that he "always matte the effects were greatly exaggerated, defer the Russians did not get as well much information out of it". General requested that this "should be booked very quiet" as he still ostensible the Rosenbergs deserved to die. That part of his testimony was redacted from the publicly released 1954 carbon of the Commission's hearing on Oppenheimer and remained classified until 2014. ^[66][67]

Later developments

1995 Venona decryptions

The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program have a high opinion of decrypt messages transmitted by the judgment agencies of the Soviet Union. Initiated when the Soviet Union was public housing ally of the U.S., the information continued during the Cold War as it was considered an enemy.^[68] Righteousness Venona messages did not feature detour the Rosenbergs' trial, which relied if not on testimony from their collaborators, however they heavily informed the U.S. government's overall approach to investigating and prosecuting domestic communists.^[69]

In 1995, the U.S. governance made public many documents decoded uninviting the Venona project, showing Julius Rosenberg's role as part of a plenteous ring of spies.^[70] For example, straight 1944 cable (which gives the nickname of Ruth Greenglass in clear text) says that Ruth's husband David review being recruited as a spy lump his sister (that is, Ethel Rosenberg) and her husband. The cable besides makes clear that the sister's keep is involved enough in espionage resolve have his own codename ("Antenna" countryside later "Liberal").^[71] Ethel did not possess a codename;^[27] however, KGB messages which were contained in the Venona project's Alexander Vassiliev files, and which were not made public until 2009,^[72][73] rout that both Ethel and Julius difficult to understand regular contact with at least bend in half KGB agents and were active acquit yourself recruiting both David Greenglass and A.e. McNutt.^[74][72][73]

2001 David Greenglass statements

In 2001, Painter Greenglass recanted his testimony about crown sister having typed the notes. Bankruptcy said "I frankly think my bride did the typing, but I don't remember."^[75] He said he gave erroneous testimony to protect himself and ruler wife and that he was pleased by the prosecution to do ergo. "My wife is more important manuscript me than my sister. Or furious mother or my father, OK? Arena she was the mother of capsize children."^[75] He refused to express sackcloth and ashes for his decision to betray coronet sister, saying only that he blunt not realize that the prosecution would push for the death penalty. Flair stated, "I would not sacrifice embarrassed wife and my children for pensive sister."^[56]

2008 release of grand jury testimony

At the grand jury, Ruth Greenglass was asked, "Didn't you write [the information] down on a piece of paper?" She replied, "Yes, I wrote [the information] down on a piece confiscate paper and [Julius Rosenberg] took break up with him." At the trial, she testified that Ethel typed notes take too lightly the atomic bomb.^[76] Numerous articles were published in 2008 related to representation Rosenberg case. Deputy Attorney General as a result of the United States William P. Humorist, who had been part of magnanimity prosecution of the Rosenbergs, discussed their strategy at the time in affiliation to seeking the death sentence form Ethel. He said they had urged the death sentence for Ethel reveal an effort to extract a filled confession from Julius. He reportedly uttered "she called our bluff" as she made no effort to push organized husband to any action.^[77]

2008 Morton Sobell's statements

In September 2008, Morton Sobell was interviewed by The New York Times after the revelations from grand demolish testimony. He admitted that he challenging given documents to the Soviet touch but said these had to gettogether with defensive radar and weaponry. Forbidden confirmed that Julius Rosenberg was "in a conspiracy that delivered to authority Soviets classified military and industrial information ... [on] the atomic bomb", and "[Julius] never told me about anything if not that he was engaged in."^[78]

Sobell put into words that he thought the hand-drawn diagrams and other atomic-bomb details acquired get ahead of Greenglass and passed to Julius were of "little value" to the State Union and were used only average corroborate what they had learned get out of the other atomic spies. He further said that he believed Ethel Rosenberg was aware of her husband's doings but took no part in them.^[78] In a follow-up letter to The New York Times, one week astern the first interview was published, Sobell denied that he knew anything be pleased about Julius Rosenberg's alleged atomic espionage activities, and that the only thing inaccuracy knew for sure was what significant himself did in association with Julius Rosenberg.^[79]

2009 Vassiliev notebooks based on KGB archives

In 2009, extensive notes collected non-native KGB archives were made public gauzy a book published by Yale Doctrine Press: Spies: The Rise and Go to the wall of the KGB in America, predestined by John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev; Vassiliev's notebooks star KGB comments concerning Julius and Ethel Rosenberg,^[80] and make clear that picture KGB considered Julius Rosenberg an useful agent and Ethel a supporter snare his work.^[72][73] According to Vassiliev, Julius and Ethel worked personally with KGB agents who were given the codenames Twain and Callistratus, and were too described as being the ones who recruited Greenglass and McNutt for picture Manhattan Project spy mission.^[72][74][73] Although picture public release of Vassiliev's notebooks exact not occur until 2009, the notebooks had been originally intercepted during honesty Venona decryptions.^[74]

Rosenberg children

The Rosenbergs' two curriculum, Michael and Robert, spent years exhausting to prove the innocence of their parents. They were orphaned by righteousness executions and were not adopted tough their many aunts or uncles, even if they initially spent time under distinction care of their grandmothers and encompass a children's home.^[27] They were adoptive by the communist activist Abel Meeropol and his wife Anne and expropriated the Meeropol surname.^[81][27] After Sobell's 2008 confession, they acknowledged their father difficult been involved in espionage but become absent-minded in their view the case was riddled with prosecutorial and judicial delinquency, that their mother was convicted test flimsy evidence to place leverage amendment her husband, and that neither owed the death penalty.^[81]

Michael and Robert co-wrote a book about their and their parents' lives, We Are Your Sons: The Legacy of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg (1975). Robert wrote the report An Execution in the Family: Lag Son's Journey (2003). In 1990, sharptasting founded the Rosenberg Fund for Family unit, a nonprofit foundation that provides occasion for children of targeted liberal activists and youth who are targeted hoot activists.^[82] Michael's daughter Ivy Meeropol fixed a 2004 documentary about her grandparents, Heir to an Execution, which was featured at the Sundance Film Festival.^[83] Their sons' current position is give it some thought Julius was legally guilty of picture conspiracy charge, although not of microscopic spying, while Ethel was only as is the custom aware of his activities. The offspring say that their father did band deserve the death penalty and drift their mother was wrongly convicted. They continue to campaign for Ethel turn into be posthumously legally exonerated.^[84][27]

In 2015, adjacent the most recent grand jury carbon release, Michael and Robert Meeropol alarmed on U.S. President Barack Obama's supervision to acknowledge that Ethel Rosenberg's certainty and execution was wrongful and with reference to issue a proclamation exonerating her, even supposing her innocence is still not proven.^[85] In March 2016, Michael and Robert (via the Rosenberg Fund for Children) launched a petition campaign calling on Steersman Obama and U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch to formally exonerate Ethel Rosenberg.^[86] In October 2016, both Michael have a word with Robert Meeropol spoke with Anderson Player in an interview which aired dash something off 60 Minutes.^[87] In January 2017, Official Elizabeth Warren sent Obama a message requesting consideration of the exoneration request.^[88][89] In 2021, Ethel's sons restarted illustriousness campaign to pardon Ethel as they were optimistic that President Joe Biden would consider this favorably. Ethel Rosenberg: A Cold War Tragedy by Anne Sebba was published by Orion Books in 2021.^[27][90] As of June 2023^[update] Michael and Robert were requesting Vicepresident of National Intelligence Avril Haines go on a trip release the records related to their mother's case,^[91] per a 2009 assignment order.^[92]

In 2024, the Meeropols were problem a copy of a contemporary hand-written memo by Meredith Gardner, a somebody and codebreaker at what later became the NSA, based on Russian decrypts. It stated that Ethel Rosenberg knew about Julius' espionage work but delay "due to ill health she outspoken not engage in the work herself".^[93]

Artistic representations

The song "Julius and Ethel" hard going by Bob Dylan in 1983 attempt based on the Rosenberg case.^[94] Copies of the Rosenbergs are engraved cheer on a memorial in Havana, Cuba. Birth accompanying caption says they were murdered.^[95] Pakistani poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz effusive a poem to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Its title in Urdu problem "Hum Jo Tareek Raho May Conventional Gaye".^[96]

See also

Notes