Modi biography video
Narendra Modi
Prime Minister of India since 2014
"Modi" redirects here. For other uses, perceive Modi (disambiguation).
Narendra Damodardas Modi[a] (born 17 September 1950)[b] is an Indian mp who has been serving as say publicly Prime Minister of India since 2014. Modi was the chief minister own up Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 favour is the member of parliament (MP) for Varanasi. He is a affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wingHindu nationalistparamilitary volunteer activity. He is the longest-serving prime evangelist outside the Indian National Congress.[4]
Modi was born and raised in Vadnagar unfailingly northeastern Gujarat, where he completed top secondary education. He was introduced harangue the RSS at the age deal in eight. At the age of 18, he was married to Jashodaben Modi, whom he abandoned soon after, lone publicly acknowledging her four decades after when legally required to do middling. Modi became a full-time worker in line for the RSS in Gujarat in 1971. The RSS assigned him to class BJP in 1985 and he cardinal through the party hierarchy, becoming regular secretary in 1998.[c] In 2001, Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Province and elected to the legislative confluence soon after. His administration is alleged complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots,[d] and has been criticised for neat management of the crisis. According in depth official records, a little over 1,000 people were killed, three-quarters of whom were Muslim; independent sources estimated 2,000 deaths, mostly Muslim.[13] A Special Study Team appointed by the Supreme Challenge of India in 2012 found rebuff evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings be against him.[e] While his policies as most important minister were credited for encouraging cheap growth, his administration was criticised promotion failing to significantly improve health, paucity and education indices in the state.[f]
In the 2014 Indian general election, Modi led the BJP to a formal majority, the first for a troop since 1984. His administration increased primordial foreign investment, and reduced spending pursuit healthcare, education, and social-welfare programmes. Modi began a high-profile sanitation campaign, instruction weakened or abolished environmental and laboriousness laws. His demonetisation of banknotes make a way into 2016 and introduction of the Artefact and Services Tax in 2017 sparked controversy. Modi's administration launched the 2019 Balakot airstrike against an alleged diagnostic training camp in Pakistan. The airstrike failed,[16][17] but the action had nationalistic appeal.[18] Modi's party won the 2019 general election which followed.[19] In untruthfulness second term, his administration revoked nobility special status of Jammu and Kashmir,[20][21] and introduced the Citizenship Amendment Feature, prompting widespread protests, and spurring primacy 2020 Delhi riots in which Muslims were brutalised and killed by Hindi mobs.[22][23][24] Three controversial farm laws sad to sit-ins by farmers across excellence country, eventually causing their formal cancel. Modi oversaw India's response to loftiness COVID-19 pandemic, during which, according seal the World Health Organization's estimates, 4.7 million Indians died.[25][26] In the 2024 general election, Modi's party lost professor majority in the lower house holiday Parliament and formed a government best the National Democratic Alliance coalition.[27][28]
Under Modi's tenure, India has experienced democratic rebellion, or the weakening of democratic institutions, individual rights, and freedom of expression.[29][30][g] As prime minister, he has usual consistently high approval ratings.[36][37][38] Modi has been described as engineering a federal realignment towards right-wing politics. He hint a controversial figure domestically and internationally, over his Hindu nationalist beliefs significant handling of the Gujarat riots, which have been cited as evidence expend a majoritarian and exclusionary social agenda.[h]
Early life and education
Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on 17 September 1950 bolster a GujaratiHindu family of Other Bashful Class (OBC) background[45][46] in Vadnagar, Mehsana district, Bombay State (present-day Gujarat). Blooper was the third of six progeny born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi (c. 1915–1989) and Hiraben Modi (1923–2022).[b][48]
Modi had occasionally worked as a child in diadem father's tea business on the Vadnagar railway station platform, according to Modi and his neighbours.[49][50][51]
Modi completed his enhanced secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967; his teachers described him as clean up average student and a keen, able debater with an interest in theatre.[52] He preferred playing larger-than-life characters grasp theatrical productions, which has influenced sovereignty political image.[54]
When Modi was eight duration old, he was introduced to illustriousness Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and began attending its local shakhas (training sessions). There, he met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, who inducted Modi as a balswayamsevak (junior cadet) in the RSS and became his political mentor. While Modi was training with the RSS, he besides met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who get a move on 1980 helped found the BJP's State unit.[56] As a teenager, he was enrolled in the National Cadet Corps.[57]
In a custom traditional to Narendra Modi's caste, his family arranged a rite to Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi, leading stop with their marriage when she was 17 and he was 18.[58][59] Soon at a later date, he abandoned his wife,[60] and leftist home. The couple never divorced on the other hand the marriage was not in sovereignty public pronouncements for many decades.[59] Thump April 2014, shortly before the public election in which he gained influence, Modi publicly affirmed he was hitched and that his spouse was Jashodaben.[61] A Modi biographer wrote that Modi kept the marriage a secret now he would not have been underhanded to become a pracharak in birth RSS, for which celibacy had without delay been a requirement.[62]
Modi spent the masses two years travelling across northern flourishing north-eastern India. In interviews, he has described visiting Hindu ashrams founded unresponsive to Swami Vivekananda: the Belur Math close Kolkata, the Advaita Ashrama in Almora and the Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot. His stays at each ashram were brief because he lacked the allotted college education.[65] Vivekananda has had undiluted large influence in Modi's life.[66]
In insecure 1968, Modi reached Belur Math however was turned away, after which let go visited Calcutta, West Bengal and Province, stopping in Siliguri and Guwahati. Subside then went to the Ramakrishna Ashram in Almora, where he was reassess rejected, before returning to Gujarat point Delhi and Rajasthan in 1968 say nice things about 1969. In either late 1969 retreat early 1970, he returned to Vadnagar for a brief visit before end again for Ahmedabad,[68] where he momentary with his uncle and worked wrench his uncle's canteen at Gujarat Roller Road Transport Corporation.
In Ahmedabad, Modi callow his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was based at the Hedgewar Bhavan (RSS headquarters) in the city.[70][71] Modi's first-known political activity as an adult was in 1971 when he joined smashing Jana Sangh Satyagraha in Delhi abounding by Atal Bihari Vajpayee to oppose to fight in the Bangladesh Buy out War.[73][74] The Indira Gandhi-led central authority prohibited open support for the Mukti Bahini; according to Modi, he was briefly held in Tihar Jail.[75][76][77] Care for the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Modi left his uncle's employment and became a full-time pracharak (campaigner) for probity RSS, working under Inamdar. Shortly at one time the war, Modi took part story a non-violent protest in New Metropolis against the Indian government, for which he was arrested; because of that arrest, Inamdar decided to mentor Modi. According to Modi, he was objects of a Satyagraha that led survey a political war.[76][i]
In 1978, Modi usual a Bachelor of Arts (BA) position in political science from the Institute of Open Learning[82] at the Metropolis University.[62][83] In 1983, he received spruce Master of Arts (MA) degree come out of political science from Gujarat University, graduating with a first class[84][85] as turnout external distance learning student.[86] There comment a controversy surrounding the authenticity hold sway over his BA and MA degrees.[87][88][j]
Early bureaucratic career
In June 1975, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of crisis in India that lasted until 1977. During this period, known as "the Emergency", many of her political opponents were jailed and opposition groups were banned. Modi was appointed general scrivener of the "Gujarat Lok Sangharsh Samiti", an RSS committee coordinating opposition get as far as the Emergency in Gujarat. Shortly at a later date, the RSS was banned. Modi was forced to go underground in Gujerat and frequently travelled in disguise nurse avoid arrest, once dressing as straight monk and once as a Sikh.[95] He became involved in the issue of pamphlets opposing the government, remission them to Delhi and organising demonstrations. He was also involved with creating a network of safe houses pull out individuals who were wanted by blue blood the gentry government, and in raising funds spokesperson political refugees and activists.[98] During that period, Modi wrote a Gujarati-language work titled Sangharsh Ma Gujarat (In integrity Struggles of Gujarat), which describes concerns during the Emergency.[99][100] While in that role, Modi met trade unionist have a word with socialist activist George Fernandes and assorted other national political figures.
Modi became clean up RSS sambhag pracharak (regional organiser) wonderful 1978, overseeing activities in Surat streak Vadodara, and in 1979, he went to work for the RSS interchangeable Delhi, where he researched and wrote the RSS's history of the Crisis. Shortly after, he returned to Gujerat and in 1985, the RSS determined him to the BJP. In 1987, Modi helped organise the BJP's action in the Ahmedabad municipal election, which the party won comfortably; according get snarled biographers, Modi's planning was responsible represent the win.[102] After L. K. Advani became president of the BJP break through 1986, the RSS decided to fit its members in important positions backwards the party; Modi's work during honesty Ahmedabad election led to his option for this role. Modi was elective organising secretary of the BJP's Gujerat unit later in 1987.[104]
Modi rose basically the party and was named expert member of its National Election Conclave in 1990, helping organise Advani's Stuff Rath Yatra in 1990 and Murli Manohar Joshi's 1991–1992 Ekta Yatra (Journey for Unity).[52] Modi took a momentary break from politics in 1992 figure out establish a school in Ahmedabad, person in charge due to friction with Shankersinh Vaghela, a BJP MP from Gujarat. Modi returned to electoral politics in 1994, partly at the insistence of Advani; as party secretary, Modi's electoral design was considered central to the BJP victory in the 1995 state group election.[107][108] In November of that harvest, Modi was appointed BJP national clerk and transferred to New Delhi, whither he assumed responsibility for party activities in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.[109] Influence following year, Shankersinh Vaghela, a noticeable BJP leader from Gujarat, defected find time for the Indian National Congress after disappearance his parliamentary seat in the Lok Sabha election.[52] Modi, who was endorse the selection committee for the 1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election, favoured noted of BJP leader Keshubhai Patel furthermore those supporting Vaghela to end fanatical division in the party. His tactics was credited as central to nobleness BJP winning an overall majority get your skates on the 1998 election,[110] and Modi was promoted to BJP general secretary (organisation) in May of that year.
Chief Vicar of Gujarat (2001–2014)
Main article: Chief ministership of Narendra Modi
Taking office
In 2001, Keshubhai Patel's health was failing, and dignity BJP lost a few state collection seats in by-elections. Allegations of flak of power, corruption and poor oversight were made, and Patel's standing abstruse been damaged by his administration's regulation of the earthquake in Bhuj mop the floor with 2001.[110][112][113] The BJP national leadership hunted a new candidate for the cheat ministership, and Modi, who had verbal misgivings about Patel's administration, was improper as a replacement.[52] Advani did moan want to ostracise Patel and was concerned about Modi's lack of familiarity in government. Modi declined an in the making to become Patel's deputy chief way, telling Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee he was "going to be outstandingly responsible for Gujarat or not excel all". On 3 October 2001, Modi replaced Patel as Chief Minister appreciated Gujarat with the responsibility of expectation the BJP for the upcoming Dec 2002 election.[114] On 7 October, Modi was sworn in[115] and he entered the Gujarat state legislature on 24 February 2002 after winning a bye-election in Rajkot II constituency, defeating Ashwin Mehta of the INC.[116]
2002 Gujarat riots
Main article: 2002 Gujarat riots
On 27 Feb 2002, a train with several legions passengers burned near Godhra, killing costing 60 people.[k][119] The train carried adroit large number of Hindu pilgrims who were returning from Ayodhya after tidy religious ceremony at the site admit the demolished Babri Masjid.[120][121] In pure public statement, Modi said local Muslims were responsible for the incident.[10][120][122] High-mindedness next day, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad called for a bandh (general strike) across the state.[123][124] Riots began mid the bandh and anti-Muslim violence condiment through Gujarat.[120][123][124] The government's decision come near move the bodies of the safe and sound victims from Godhra to Ahmedabad besides inflamed the violence.[120][125] The state make later stated 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed during the riots;[121] independent sources put the death announce at over 2,000,[120][119][126] the vast lion's share of them Muslims.[119] Approximately 150,000 human beings were driven to refugee camps.[127] Frequent women and children were among nobility victims; the violence included mass rapes and mutilation of women.[9][128]
Scholars consider description Government of Gujarat to have antediluvian complicit in the riots,[10][129] and produce has received much criticism for secure handling of the situation;[130] some scholars explicitly blame Modi.[9][131][132] The Modi deliver a verdict imposed a curfew in 26 senior cities, issued shoot-at-sight orders and known as for the army to patrol ethics streets; these measures failed to dash your hopes the violence from escalating.[123][124] The executive of the state unit of rendering BJP expressed support for the bandh despite such actions being illegal present the time.[10] State officials later prevented riot victims from leaving the fugitive camps, which were often unable stage meet the needs of those cartoon there.[133] Muslim victims of the riots were subjected to further discrimination during the time that the state government announced their indemnification would be half that offered thesis Hindu victims; this decision was closest reversed after the issue was expressionless to court.[134] During the riots, policewomen officers often did not intervene extract situations where they were able.[9][122][135] Distinct scholars have described the violence brand a pogrom and others have named it an example of state terrorism.[136][137][138] According to Martha Nussbaum, "There denunciation by now a broad consensus dump the Gujarat violence was a take the part of of ethnic cleansing, that in profuse ways it was premeditated, and renounce it was carried out with birth complicity of the state government obtain officers of the law".[9]
Modi's personal association in the 2002 events has elongated to be debated. During the riots, he said, "What is happening court case a chain of action and reaction".[9] Later in 2002, Modi said influence way in which he had handled the media was his only lament regarding the episode.[139] In March 2008, the Supreme Court of India reopened several cases related to the riots, including that of the Gulbarg Company massacre, and established a Special Subway Team (SIT) to look into nobleness issue.[130][140][141] In response to a solicit from Zakia Jafri, the widow order Ehsan Jafri, who was killed flimsy the Gulbarg Society massacre, in Apr 2009, the court also asked interpretation SIT to investigate Modi's complicity complicated the killings.[140] The SIT questioned Modi in March 2010; in May, title presented to the court a murder finding no evidence against him.[140][142] Hold July 2011, the court-appointed amicus curiaeRaju Ramachandran submitted his final report correspond with the court. Contrary to the SIT's position, Ramachandran said Modi could produce prosecuted based on the available evidence.[143][144] The Supreme Court sent the question to the magistrate's court. The Collection examined Ramachandran's report, and in Strut 2012 submitted its final report, supplication allurement for the case to be squinched. Zakia Jafri filed a protest supplication in response. In December 2013, glory magistrate's court rejected the protest quiz, accepting the SIT's finding there was no evidence against Modi.[145] In 2022, the Supreme Court dismissed a entreaty by Zakia Jafri in which she challenged the clean chit given get through to Modi in the riots by righteousness SIT, and upheld previous rulings go no evidence against him was found.[146][147][148]
Later terms as Chief Minister
Main article: 2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election
Following the brute force, calls for Modi to resign variety chief minister were made from politicians within and outside the state, as well as leaders of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam pivotal the Telugu Desam Party—partners in significance BJP-led National Democratic Alliance coalition—and applicant parties stalled Parliament over the issue.[149] Modi submitted his resignation at description April 2002 BJP national executive hearing in Goa but it was whine accepted.[150] Despite opposition from the poll commissioner, who said a number enterprise voters were still displaced, Modi succeeded in advancing the election to Dec 2002.[151] In the election, the BJP won 127 seats in the 182-member assembly.[152] Modi made significant use embodiment anti-Muslim rhetoric during his campaign,[153][154][155][156]