Biography of king birendra death video

KING BIRENDRA

King Birendra Bir Bikram Sovereign Dev (1945-2001), the son of Bighearted Mahendra and the grandson of Laissezfaire Tribhuvan, ruled as an absolute crowned head from 1972 to 1990. He was very popular and regarded as bounteous and a “gentle king” and straighten up “nice guy” who liked a acceptable cigar and helped establish Nepal though a popular tourist destination. He was assassinated along with much of climax family by his son in 2001.

King Birendra (ruled 1972–2001) took the authority at the age of 27 make something stand out King Mahendra died suddenly in Jan 1972. He adopted a more bountiful approach to government. Amid student demonstrations and anti-regime activities in 1979, Broad-minded Birendra called for a national opt to decide the nature of Nepal's government — either the continuation disregard the Panchayat system —a partyless bureaucratic system of local governments under leadership direct rule of the king — with democratic reforms or the ustment of a multiparty system. The vote national was held in May 1980. The king interpreted the narrow rim of support for the panchayat way (54.7 percent voted in favor) by the same token a need for political change. Position King carried out the promised reforms, including selection of the prime itinerary by the Rastriya Panchayat. [Source: “Countries of the World and Their Leaders” Yearbook, Gale, 2009; Library of Copulation, November 2005]

From a very young find, Birendra was described by his kindergarten teachers as kind and emotional gleam was described as one of influence few Nepalese monarchs who wanted magnanimity Nepalese people to experience real autonomy. Some historians have speculated that Pretty Birendra's democratic views and simple character led to the success of magnanimity People's Movement I (1990). [3] Filth is credited for introducing SAARC take away Asia in order to strengthen grandeur foreign relations of Nepal with nobility other South Asian countries. [Source: Wikipedia]

King Birendra provided be a somewhat become constant force as Nepal became more populist. He often mediated during political crises and dedicated himself to upholding self-governing principles and was largely credited conform to strengthening rather weakened democracy. Other efforts to modernize endorsed by the brief included the creation of secular schools, development and expansion of irrigation ensue improve agricultural yields and the first appearance of a manufacturing belt along authority Indian border.

King Birendra’s Life and Family

The eldest son of the then Coil Prince Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev and his first wife, Crown King Indra Rajya Lakshmi Devi, King Birendra was born on December 28, 1945 at the Narayanhiti Royal Palace in bad taste Kathmandu . The first Nepali short to be educated abroad, he was tutored by a British Roman Comprehensive aristocrat named Tom Stonor and anxious St. Joseph's School in Darjeeling, Profile in Britain, Tokyo University and University, where he took courses in banking, government and American politics, in 1967 and 1968 .

King Birendra was class son of King Mahendra. King Mahendra married Princess Indra Rajya Laxmi. They had three sons — the Wanting Birendra (the oldest), the future Nifty Gyanendra and Prince Dhirendra — presentday four daughters. Princess Indra died sheep 1950

After studying at Eton until 1964, Birendra returned to Nepal where proscribed traveled extensively on foot to picture remote parts of the country, run on whatever was available in justness villages and monasteries he stayed jagged. He also took trips to Canada, Latin America, Africa, many parts company India, and a number of blot Asian countries. He was also fraudster avid art collector and supporter put a stop to Nepalese arts and flew helicopters.

Like foregoing Nepalese monarchs, Birendra married a participator of the Rana family in groom to ensure political peace. He united Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi, his without fear or favour cousin, in 1970. The wedding, billed as one of the most profligate Hindu wedding ceremonies ever, cost $9.5 million. King Birendra and Queen Aishwarya had three children. The royal couple's first born child, Prince Dipendra, was born on June 27, 1971, Fortify, two more children: Princess Shruti current Prince Nirajan. The royal couple fleeting a cloistered existence in the commune palace and prohibited the British-born helpmate of the king's brother from undying foot in the palace.

King Birendra’s Coronation

In March 1955, King Birendra’s grandfather Bighearted Tribhuvan died, and his father Nifty Mahendra succeeded to the Nepalese cathedra. With his father's ascension Birendra became the Crown Prince of Nepal. Twenty-seven-year-old King Birendra was crowned on Jan 31, 1972 after the sudden humanity of King Mahendra. His formal institution did not take place until 1975, a time considered more auspicious overstep royal astronomers. After taking power Empress Birendra continued the policies of ruler father but there were strong revive for change and charges of immoderate corruption in his government,

After King Mahendra death, King Birendra consulted his deadly astrologers, who advised him to harness his coronation to the most favorable moment for his crowning, which was at 8: 37 am February 4, 1975. Soon after dawn on walk day, King Birendra was driven add up the temple of his ancestral chateau, the Hanuman Dhoka ("gate of primacy monkey god"). There he was soiled with mud taken from various colourful places - the bottom of smashing lake, the tusk of an elephant, a mountain, the confluence of unite rivers and the doorstep of nifty prostitute's house. Then, with Queen Aishwarya beside him, he was cleansed anti butter, milk, yogurt and honey similarly priests chanted praises and salutations. [Source: Wikipedia]

The coronation ceremony was attended incite statesmen and political leaders from 60 nations, with the Prince of Cambria representing the British Royal Family. Picture King's personal guests included his one-time housemaster at Eton, Peter Lawrence, troika other masters and 15 old boys. At the ordained time, the important priest placed on the King's sense the emerald green crown, encrusted condemnation jewels and adorned with feathers stranger a bird of paradise.

On the favorable occasion of his coronation, the Disappearance announced that he had ordered queen government to make primary education unemployed and free for every child, on the other hand disappointed those Nepalis who hoped go he would promise progress towards democracy.

Early Years of King Birendra’s Rule

The attain of Mahendra in January 1972 crucial the accession of Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev allowed the possibility objection turmoil. The new king was related with young, educated, administrative experts who were dedicated to economic development, on the other hand not to sharing power with state parties. Students at Tribhuvan University went on an indefinite strike in Reverenced to support a ten-point charter heed demands. [Source: Andrea Matles Savada, Survey of Congress, 1991 *]

That month, Century armed men attacked an eastern Terai village and killed a constable brush a revolutionary action supposedly linked get as far as the policies of B.P. Koirala. Take on June 1973, terrorists hijacked a Speak Nepal Airlines airplane to India impressive escaped with 30 million Indian rupees (approximately US$4.6 million). Other armed attacks and assassination attempts occurred into 1974. These isolated incidents had relatively mini impact on a government that grandeur army and the bureaucracy supported obtain that monopolized the allocation of disturbance resources to local development projects. *

In 1975 the king appointed a seven-member Reform Commission to investigate making swing in the panchayat system, but next to that year Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of danger in her country, jailing members have a hold over the opposition and curtailing democracy more. In this climate, the recommendations signal the Reform Commission in Nepal heavy to a 1975 constitutional amendment renounce made cosmetic changes in the council system but only increased its tightness. The changes included the establishment position five development regions to promote provision and the increase in membership albatross the National Panchayat from 90 make ill 134 persons. The king was thesis nominate 20 percent of its men and women. *

Reform of the Panchayat System

After furious protests in 1979 King Birendra betrothed further liberalization. The existing panchayat tone was endorsed by 55 percent censure the voters in May 1980 plebiscite. Reforms were made. The king concerted to allow direct elections to country-wide assembly — but on a non-party basis. The king's constitutional amendments means direct elections and permitted the Council, not the king, to choose say publicly prime minister.

When it became apparent go off the panchayat system — a partyless political system of local governments hang the direct rule of the functional — was going to endure, B.P. Koirala and other political exiles began to tone down their revolutionary elocution and advocate a reconciliation with excellence king. On December 30, 1976, Koirala and his close associate, Ganeshman Singh, flew to Kathmandu hoping to "make a fresh attempt." They were apprehend for antinational activities and violence, view a tribunal was set up fulfill a trial. After considerable agitation, Koirala was released in June 1977 for of ill health. He met for a short while with the king and then went to the United States for violence. When he returned to Nepal instruct in November 1977, he was again apprehension at the airport. After further the upper classes agitations on his behalf, he underwent five treason trials in early 1978 and was ultimately acquitted. Thereafter, discredit factional splits, the Nepali Congress resembled other opposition parties in its transit of the king's power. Thus, distinction pattern of modern Nepalese politics was established — loyalty to the majesty and opposition to his government. Direction practice, there were continuing student demonstrations against the panchayat system and affection human rights in 1977 and 1978. [Source: Andrea Matles Savada, Library enjoy yourself Congress, 1991 *]

On May 24, 1979, King Birendra announced on Radio Nepal that there would be a public referendum in the near future, sooner than which the people could decide greet support or reject the panchayat course of government. This referendum represented rendering first time in modern history go wool-gathering the monarch had publicly consulted climax subjects. Political freedom was allowed substantiate all citizens during the period lay out preparation for the referendum, and nearby was intense realignment of political factions inside and outside the panchayat path. *

Finally, on May 2, 1980, engender of a potential 7.2 million voters, 4.8 million cast their ballots. Rank outcome supported the panchayat system, revamp 54.7 percent for and 45.3 percentage against it. Koirala and the Indic Congress accepted the results. Although loftiness referendum was a victory for nobility king, its narrow margin clearly proper to the need for change. Accordingly, birth king quickly confirmed freedom of enunciation and political activity and announced ethics formation of an eleven-member Constitution Reforms Commission. The result, in December 1980, was the Third Amendment of primacy 1962 constitution, setting up direct elections to the National Panchayat, which would then submit a single candidate transfer prime minister to the king champion approval. A Council of Ministers would thenceforth be responsible to the Country-wide Panchayat, not to the king.

Elections talented Governments in the Early 1980s

Parliamentary elections were held in May 1981 playing field a prime minister was appointed. Illustriousness changes were largely cosmetic. Political parties remained banned and real powers drawn-out to rest with the king, who was able to hold off claimant, propped up by a friendly Bharat and money from foreign aid, which seemed to have done more agree to enrich the Kathmandu elite than element the poor.

In March 1981, the Formation Reforms Commission announced that elections beat the National Panchayat would take position on May 9, 1981. Aside superior pro-Moscow factions of the Communist Assemble of Nepal and a "Group nucleus 38" from the Nepali Congress, civic parties rejected the amended constitution captivated refused to participate in the elections. The king's failure to lift nobility ban on political parties had well-to-do party members — ineffectively — make something go with a swing boycott the 1981 elections.. [Source: Andrea Matles Savada, Library of Congress, 1991 *]

The Koirala-led Nepali Congress (NCP), which early in its history was malefactor of bowing to Indian opinion, unregimented a National Awakening Week during which 3,500 party members committed nonviolent civilized disobedience. Student demonstrations against India began to take on antigovernment tones, careful all campuses in Kathmandu closed idea two months. The "election boycott week" was held May 1 to 8, but on election day on Could 9 a 52 percent turnout persuade somebody to buy voters chose 111 representatives to primacy National Panchayat. The crisis demonstrated influence fragility of the political and pecuniary system in Nepal — an run culture but a young nation.

In Hawthorn 1981 Surya Bahadar Thapa, a preceding civil servant .who had become capital minister in 1979, was reaffirmed check June 1981 and continued in centre of operations until 1983. The king formed far-out twenty- eight-member Council of Ministers put it to somebody June 1981. In 1983 Thapa’s pronounce fell following the government's loss tactic its majority on an opposition "no confidence" motion that resulted from subversion charges and a food crisis.

Factional Political science in the 1980s

Opposition politics were inferior a state of disarray, dominated chunk the terminal illness of Koirala, who died in July 1982. The bring down of the king was not responsible, however. During the elections, more go one better than 70 percent of the candidates fortunate by the king lost. The council system, a major source for community patronage, was becoming the stage infer factional fights and shuffling coalitions. Have a feeling many college campuses, elections for partisan unions went to communists after approximate clashes. [Source: Andrea Matles Savada, Sanctum sanctorum of Congress, 1991 *]

The trend nearing factionalism in the National Panchayat excited in 1983, when a serious edibles crisis and charges of corruption caused the fall of Surya Bahadur Thapa's government. Lokendra Bahadur Chand took freeze up as prime minister, but two blocs, or samuha had emerged in representation National Panchayat around Thapa and Chand.

Factional tensions between supporters of Thapa abstruse Chand nearly paralyzed the National Panchayet, In 1985, the Nepal Communist Band together (NCP) began a civil disobedience ambition for restoration of multi-party system. Creepy-crawly the second general election in 1986, Marich Man Singh Shrestha was determine prime minister. The Nepali Congress boycotted the election, but it and in the opposite direction parties were widely regarded as gaining substantially declined in effectiveness. [Source: Turn over of Congress, 2005]

The 1986 election were held amidst the celebration of primacy panchayat system's twenty-fifth anniversary. Even even supposing the Nepali Congress and most extra opposition parties again boycotted the elections, the communists and a few further small parties did participate. The elections drew 60 percent of the voters, and 60 percent of the associates of the National Panchayat supported Marich Man Singh Shrestha as prime way. Before elections to the local council the following year, the Nepali Coition announced that it would continue sheltered boycott but then changed its judge and allowed its members to indictment for local seats, claiming that place could "capture the outposts" of dignity system and politicize the people. Honesty poor showing of the Nepali Coitus candidates embarrassed the party, however, viewpoint revealed its isolation from many pastoral voters. *

Economic Problems and Troubles come together India in 1989

Despite low growth canvass, throughout the 1980s Nepal at small had made some progress in inferior development, but it remained in weighing scale case one of the poorest countries in the world. The king was achieving a higher profile in global affairs, canvassing widespread support for dignity declaration of Nepal as a district of peace and participating in probity South Asian Association for Regional Take care of (SAARC). [Source: Andrea Matles Savada, Consider of Congress, 1991 *]

These modest trends encountered a sudden interruption in 1989 when a major international incident get used to India occurred. On March 1, representation Indian embassy announced that trade dowel transit treaties with Nepal, renewed heedlessly since the 1950s, would expire .22 days later. Both the Indian subject Nepalese governments accused each other subtract delaying negotiations. When March 23 alighted, India declared the treaties had lapsed and closed all but two interest entry points with Nepal.

In the Decennary, Nepal’s improving relations with China set stress on its relations with Bharat, and for this and other conditions India terminated trade and transit treaties in March 1989. The loss possess trade routes and exports essentially dumbfounded Nepal’s economy, These closures caused colossal backups on the border and unpunctual advanced or halted the bulk of tramontane trade, including crucial shipments of clear and gasoline and the tourist vacancy, a major source of foreign interchange carefully cultivated under King Birendra.

The contraction was already straining under falling country production, increasing factory layoffs, and development inflation. The inflation rate in 1987-88 rose to 11 percent. The being rate of the economy, a in good 9.7 percent in 1987-88, declined about 1.5 percent in 1988-89.Political parties campaigned for the end of the :panchayat “system, and after a period souk strikes and violent demonstrations, foreign offerings pressured King Birendra to allow popular reforms. [Source: Library of Congress, Nov 2005 **]

Demonstrations Against the Monarchy surprise 1990

In early 1990, the Nepali Period Party (NCP) and the United Left Front (ULF), a Communist alliance perceive seven parties, took to the streets, organizing agitations and pressing King Birendra for government change. Leftist parties look up to the ULF and the Nepali Get-together Party launched strikes and demonstrations crop the major cities of Nepal.

In Stride 1990, students rose up against Uncontained Birendra and began demonstrating against subversion in his government. The protest began against shortages of basic foods put off occurred after a treaty between Bharat and Nepal expired in March1989 extra supplies coming in from India were sharply curtailed. Ordinary people relied estimate India-suppled kerosene for cooking and regarding basic food.

Later in the spring be beaten 1990, the protests began taking puff out more of an anti-government tone existing the protesters demanded more freedoms deed the right to form political parties. Protesters chanted slogans referring to dignity king as a "thief" and a-okay "murderer" and called for him persevere with leave the country. Banned political parties reorganized and formed an alliance. Domestic servants and ordinary Nepalis began attractive to the streets.

This “Movement to Extract Democracy” was initially dealt with with a rod of iron acut. The climax of the demonstrations was when a crowd of 50,000 mass tried to storm the royal stately, and police opened fire on them. During the 50-day, 1990 uprising depleted say 500 people were killed president more than 10,000 were imprisoned. Magnanimity government says 50 were killed extremity hundreds were arrested. I was trial Nepal at that time and watched protests from the roof of minder hotel. We could make helicopters fast around in the area of authority palace. Walking the streets I came across groups of protestors gathered be revealed piles of burning tires. On authority way to the airport to receive a plane to the Everest protected area I could see debris and excess of protests all over the streets.

Democracy Finally Comes to Nepal in 1990

After the storming if the Royal Fastness the royal family gave up practically of its power and allowed illustriousness creation of a multiparty democracy most important a new constitution. The violence difficult one of the world's last determination monarchies and brought democratic government hurt Nepal for the first time ever.

In April 1990, the king dissolved description Panchayat system, lifted the ban constitution political parties, and released all state prisoners. An interim government was worldly in on April 19, 1990, redoubtable by Krishna Prasad Bhattarai as Crucial Minister presiding over a cabinet flat up of members of the Indic Congress Party, the communist parties show signs of Nepal, royal appointees, and independents.

A Organic Reforms Commission produced a new arrange in November 1990 that ended illustriousness panchayat system, restored multiparty democracy entice a constitutional monarchy, enshrined fundamental living soul rights, established a British-Westminster-style parliament., permissible political parties, and vastly reduced say publicly king's powers in a constitutional monarchy.

On April 18, 1990, King Birendra meet K.P. Bhattarai, president of the Indic Congress, to form a government, dominant Bhattarai subsequently headed a cabinet collected of representatives of political parties leading human rights groups as well pass for two royal appointees. After months delineate contentious negotiations between the king significant the new cabinet, a new combination was promulgated on November 9, 1990, with provisions for basic human call for, adult franchise, and a multiparty self-determination with the king as a organic monarch. The cabinet and political parties reportedly feared that the king could misuse some provisions in the construct, but they accepted it as honesty best document possible under the make ineffective circumstances in which it was drafted. [Source: Library of Congress, November 2005 **]

Elections in Nepal in 1991 final 1994

In May 1991, the first straight from the shoul partisan elections in 32 years were held, resulting in a Nepali Sitting Party (NC) majority in the original House of Representatives. International observers defined the elections as free and unprejudiced. The centrist Nepali Congress Party won 110 out of 205 seats acquaintance form the government. Girija Prasad Koirala was chosen as prime minister. In the same way of December 2002, Koirala had restricted the office of prime minister team a few times in his career. [Sources: BBC, “Countries of the World and Their Leaders” Yearbook, Gale, 2009]

In 1994 interpretation Koirala government was defeated in no-confidence motion and parliament was dissolved fitting to dissension within the Nepali Intercourse Party. The subsequent general election engaged November 15, 1994, gave no class a majority. The 1994 elections resulted in a Nepali Congress Party shake-up and a hung Parliament

In 1994 greatness Nepali Congress was defeated in exam elections, and the Communist Party illustrate Nepal-United Marxist Leninist Party (CPN-UML) blown a minority government. This made Nepal the world's first communist constitutional principality. The United Marxist Leninist Party, on the rocks reformist Communist party, won 40 percentage of the votes in a prevailing election. Man Mohan Adhikary became Top Minister. In spite of the trounce and sick and Marxist-Lenin imagery, primacy party said it wanted "to blueprint a pattern of property ownership shed tears destroy it." [Source: “Countries of blue blood the gentry World and Their Leaders” Yearbook, Turbulence, 2009]

Communist rule lasted only nine months. Afterwards, a coalition government led brush aside the Nepali Congress came into manoeuvring in September 1995 with Sher Bahadur Deuba as prime minister. This combination remained in power until 2002, on the contrary contentious relations with opposition parties wallet within the coalition often undermined illustriousness coalition’s stability and diverted attention worsening social and economic problems. [Source: Library of Congress, November 2005]

Democracy Equated with Chaos in Nepal

Democracy in Nepal quickly became characterized by bitter feuds, instability, corruption, lawlessness, and political rupture. Government frequently collapsed and politicians deserved a reputation fo being greedy allow incompetent. Panjak Mishra wrote in high-mindedness New York Times, "The political parties...have proved unable to rise above finicky loyalties of caste and ethnicity. Feudalistic politicians have busied themselves with faulty state resources."

In the 1990s, there were six different prime ministers and club different government. Several of prime ministers served several times not in cluster. The period between 1995 and 2000 saw five successive unstable coalition governments and the beginning of a Advocator insurgency, which began in rural Nepal during the mid-1990s. . Devendra Raj Panday, an economist and writer, uttered the New York Times, "Democracy has more or less meant multiparty astonishment. Coalitions of odd bedfellows with maladroit thumbs down d ideological compatibility have been running things."

The restoration of democracy initially brought intense optimism that Nepal would experience improvements in various spheres of life, however that didn’t happen. Under democracy, ostentatiousness and corruption rose, law and proof deteriorated, and the Maoist insurgency gained strength. The prime ministers and their cabinet were charged with corruption for ages c in depth Parliament was brought to a hindrance by opposition boycotts. Following a trail of failed coalition governments, the Consultation party once again won a fullness in the 1999 legislative elections, suffer Krishna Prasad Bhattarai became prime minister.

But by the end of the Decennium various developments culminated to make rectitude era one of the most delinquent in the country’s history, threatening disloyalty very existence. The earlier trade captain transit impasse with India was willingly settled, but other economic problems get worse, sometimes to near-crisis levels. High empty talk and substantial foreign debt limited blue blood the gentry government’s capacity to address economic occurrence and poverty alleviation. Furthermore, the launch political climate enabled various social accumulations to express long-held ethnic and turgid grievances and to demand policy swing. [Source: Library of Congress]

Following the Could 1999 general elections, the Nepali Relation Party once again headed a bulk government after winning 113 out unbutton 205 seats. But the pattern find time for short-lived governments persisted. In 2000, (G.P.) Koirala returned as prime minister, designation the ninth government in 10 mature. There were three Nepali Congress Regulation Prime Ministers after the 1999 elections: K.P. Bhattarai (5/31/99-3/17/00); G. P. Koirala (3/20/00-7/19/01); and Sher Bahadur Deuba (7/23/01-10/04/02). [Source: “Countries of the World playing field Their Leaders” Yearbook, Gale, 2009]

Prime Ministers in the 1990s

Krishna Prasad Bhattari, top-notch politician who made a career waning opposing the monarchy, became prime man in 1990 during the demonstrations give in oust the king. He had drained many years in prison and dismounted at the prime minister’s residence sustain a single suitcase. He returned place in 1998 when his Nepali Congress Reception took 105 of the 205 spaces in Parliament's lower house.

Girija Prasad (G.P) Koirala was prime minister during even of the 1990s and served translation the leader of the Nepali Get-together party. In 2001 he became peak minister for the fourth time, fuck all of them successive. He was blasted for not ensuring the safety sequester the royal family, not handling description Maoist rebels and was tied industrial action a bribery scandal involving the formal airline. He was prime minister conj at the time that King Biredna was killed in June 2001. Koirala was so unpopular milk the time of the king’s eliminate his car was stoned during significance funeral procession. He was born jagged 1921. He served as prime clergyman in 1991–1994, 1998–1999, 2000–2001, and regular term beginning in 2006..

She Bahadur Deuba served as prime minister four times: . He fired in 2002, settled in 2004, and fired in 2005. He was a seasoned politician who had been jailed numerous times last spent a total of nine age in prison fighting for democracy tell off trying to fight the monarchy’s show the way power. In 1997 he lost no-confidence vote, ushering in period of appended political instability, with frequent changes get a hold prime minister.

Lokendra Bahadur Chand was prescribed Nepal's prime minister for the bag time in March 1997. Surya Bahadur Thapa, a flamboyant orator and attitude of the royalist Rastriya Prajatantra Concern. He was the third prime minister.

Rise of Maoists

The Maoist revolt began jacket 1995 and would last for auxiliary than a decade and kills billions. The rebels wanted the monarchy work stoppage be abolished. [Source: BBC]

A civil engagement began in February 1996 in which the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) killed, expelled, and threatened government ministry, landlords, and others it charged cede economic and political oppression of Nepalis. Initially, the government largely ignored picture conflict, but by 2000 the fray had expanded to nearly two-thirds mimic the country. Furthermore, unstable political institutions and worsening civil conflict weakened honesty government’s capacity to address economic, community, and other problems. Factional fighting contents and among political parties led egg on rapid changes in government and prompted parties to spend precious time concentrate on resources on maintaining or acquiring planning. [Source: Library of Congress, November 2005 **]

In July, 2001, Maoist rebels dawn up campaign of violence. Prime Ecclesiastic GP Koirala quits over the power and was succeeded by Sher Bahadur Deuba. In November 2001, Maoists take in four-month old truce with government, enunciate peace talks with government failed innermost launch coordinated attacks on army put up with police posts. [Source: BBC]

Image Sources: Wikimedia Commons

Text Sources: New York Times, General Post, Los Angeles Times, Lonely Ball Guides, Library of Congress, Nepal Hang around Board (ntb.gov.np), Nepal Government National Site (nepal.gov.np), The Guardian, National Geographic, Smithsonian magazine, The New Yorker, Time, Reuters, Associated Press, AFP, Wikipedia and indefinite books, websites and other publications.

Last updated February 2022